5. Ethics of the Sophists

Ethics of antiquity was directed towards the person. "Man is the measure of all things" - researchers rightly consider these words of Protagoras the motto for all ethical works of this period. The ethical works of ancient authors are characterized by the predominance of a naturalistic orientation.

In addition, the main feature of their ethical position was the understanding of morality, the virtue of human behavior as rationality. It is the mind that governs the life of a person and society in the understanding of ancient ethics, it plays a major role in choosing the right path in life. In addition to the reasonableness of human behavior, one of the main characteristics of the ancient worldview was the desire for harmony of man with his inner and outer world. The ethical views of the Sophists, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle are associated in ancient philosophy with the transition from the idea of ​​the dominance of the power of the universal over man to the idea of ​​the unity of the individual and the state, which presupposed the substantiation of the intrinsic value of man. In a later period, the ethics of Epicureanism, Stoicism was associated with the ideas of opposing a person to the world of social existence, a person leaving for his own, inner world.

In accordance with this position, a person was offered not a long path of mental and moral improvement, but the enjoyment of every moment of his being.

The first stage in the development of the mature ethical consciousness of ancient Greece is represented by the teachings of the sophists (XNUMXth century BC), a kind of period of doubt about the subject of ethics, i.e., the denial of morality as something unconditional and universally valid.

The educational activity of the sophists had a pronounced humanistic character. At the center of their ethical reflections was always a person who was a self-sufficient value. It was man who had the right to create, to formulate the moral laws by which society lives. Correctly emphasizing the instability of moral views in society, their relativity, the sophists developed the position of moral relativism, proving that any person has his own idea of ​​happiness, the meaning of life and virtue.

The skeptical attitude towards the life of the sophists allowed them to doubt, in particular, what was considered, it would seem, undoubted - in the universal validity of morality, morality. This reason, and perhaps also the fact that the sophists too exaggerated the role of individual creativity of moral values ​​and thus did not put forward a positive ethical program acceptable to society, oriented the development of philosophical thought in ancient Greece towards increased interest in moral problems.

Thus the Sophists, Socrates and his disciples developed their ideas within an individualistically oriented ethic.

Author: Zubanova S.G.

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