Investments. Financial and industrial groups (most important)

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Investments. Financial and industrial groups (most important)

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FINANCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL GROUPS

Financial-industrial groups (FIGs) are legal entities operating in the form of main and subsidiaries or combining their assets for the purpose of technological or economic integration for the implementation of investment and other projects that increase competitiveness and expand markets for goods and services, production efficiency, creating new workplaces.

FIGs are registered officially, but there is a significant number of informal FIGs.

Differences between industrial and banking FIGs:

1) most industrial FIGs are officially registered, while most banking FIGs are informal. The founders of industrial financial and industrial groups were former Soviet industrial ministries or large industrial companies. Informal financial and industrial groups formed around large banks and gradually changed their activities to a greater extent. Initially, they concentrated their efforts in certain industries (for example, Inkombank focused on the food industry, AlfaBank on construction and the food industry). However, at the second stage of privatization, banks entered into profitable deals regardless of whether they previously controlled enterprises in the relevant industries (in particular, all large financial and industrial groups acquired oil companies);

2) degree of integration. In informal groups, it is based on cross-ownership, and the direction of activities of members of officially registered groups is carried out through long-term contracts. Integration in officially registered groups is shallow. Instead of a mutual exchange of shares, their members enter into cooperation agreements that help them direct their activities and ensure interest in the results of each other's business activities.

Classification of financial and industrial groups:

▪ vertically integrated;

▪ horizontally integrated;

▪ diversified.

32% of officially registered FIGs are vertically integrated, 26% are horizontally integrated, and 42% are the latter. We classified as members of informal FIGs companies whose main shareholders are large banks, oil and trading companies.

On the basis of information about the ownership structure, informal FIGs are divided into:

▪ on banking groups (where the central role in implementing integration belongs to the largest Russian banks);

▪ industrial groups, or holding-type structures;

▪ groups coordinated by regional administrations.

Author: Kuznetsova S.A.

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