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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Culture of the 20th century (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 25. Culture of the XNUMXth century 1. General characteristics of culture Culture of the XNUMXth century characterized by versatility and versatility. New types of art appear - body art, graffiti, etc. Modern ways of broadcasting culture - television, the World Wide Web - the Internet are spreading. There are mass migrations of inhabitants of the entire globe, and there is a worldwide integration of culture. At the same time, two trends are evident - the unification of culture and the development of national traditions. 2. Education and science In the modern world, there are different education systems - from traditional (with a wide range of disciplines studied and classical teaching methods) to specialized (with a certain set of subjects and innovative methods). Private schools are very popular in the West. In the field of higher education, the most prestigious universities stand out: 1) Oxford; 2) Harvard; 3) Sorbonne and others. There is a demand on the labor market for new professions - a programmer, a trade specialist and others, which requires their training and education. New branches of science are developing: 1) astronautics; 2) genetics; 3) chemistry; 4) plastic surgery; 5) organ transplant; 6) cloning, etc. 3. Museums. Movie Great changes have taken place in the field of cinema. The real idol of millions of people has become such a Hollywood star as Marilyn Monroe. In the second half of the century, pop culture was born, home video appeared, the "tape recorder revolution" took place. The idols of the youth of the whole world are Elvis Presley, the group "Beatles". 4. Painting Painting of the XX century is very diverse and is represented by the following main areas: 1) avant-garde (impressionism, modernism, cubism, fauvism); 2) realism; 3) pop art; 4) public art, etc. The term "pop art" (English "popular, public art") was born in England in the mid-1950s. At the first exhibitions of representatives of this trend, the main motifs and origins of pop art were discovered, such as comics with their seriality and simplified drawings, catchy and bright commercial advertising. In expositions of pop art, any object familiar to the viewer could be exhibited in the most unthinkable combination. The artist used recognizable concepts, objects. A natural tin can with tomato sauce (author E. Warhol) has become a kind of visiting card of pop art. Pop art immediately became famous across the ocean and very soon became a symbol of American art. The term "poor art" was introduced in 1967 by the Italian critic D. Celant. The works of the masters of this trend outwardly resemble abstract sculptures, but here the main emphasis is not on forms, but on materials. The viewer sees the image, and the master plays with the purely physical qualities of things. At an exhibition of hyper-realists ("super-realists"), the viewer may be confused: the paintings painted with paint look exactly like large-format photographs. Initially, this trend was called photorealism. The term "hyperrealism" appeared only some time later (for the first time - in an article by S. Dali). Body art (eng. "art of the body") is an artistic practice in which the human body serves as the material. At the origins of body art was Yves Klein, who exhibited in the 1950s. his "anthropes" - canvases with prints of the bodies of the sitters painted by him. A person in the context of this art is deprived not only of individuality, but also of the status of a living being. 5. Architecture After 1945, the United States became the world leader of the avant-garde in architecture, where in the 1920s and 30s. the most prominent European architects of the pre-war period, such as V. Gropius and L. Roe, emigrated. However, already in the first decade after World War II, original schools of architecture in Italy, the Scandinavian countries, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan competed with the international style of architects from the United States. The main direction in the development of European architecture of those years was urban planning. The destruction of World War II (Rotterdam, Le Havre, Hannover and other cities) gave architects the opportunity to create a fundamentally new type of city. Restoration work was carried out according to a single plan: with the delimitation of residential, industrial and public areas, pedestrian and transport zones in cities. The exception is Le Havre, restored in 1945-1950. under the leadership of O. Perret (1874-1954) according to the traditional urban planning scheme of the XNUMXth century. In the mid 1950s. construction equipment was undergoing a real revolution. The possibilities of modern materials were increasingly used: 1) thin-walled concrete; 2) aluminum; 3) plastics; 4) synthetic films, etc. Since the mid 1950s. the architecture of the West is a motley, diverse world. Representatives of the trend that originated in England - brutalism (Italian brutale - "rough"), considering the main content of architecture to be construction, flaunted the constructive basis of the structure. In 1954, the authorities of Sydney, Australia's largest city, offered a prize for the design of the Opera House building, for which a cape in Sydney Harbor was chosen. More than 200 specialists from different countries took part in the competition, and the victory was won by the then little-known Dane Jorn Ution (born in 1918). In 1966, Ution, having experienced a number of technical and financial setbacks, abandoned the project. But the building was still completed thanks to the ingenuity of Australian engineers and a public lottery that raised about $100 million for construction. On October 20, 1973, the theater was inaugurated. 6. Sculpture Sculpture develops in a deeply individual manner, many masters continue to embody the experience of the great masters of antiquity. The work of Alberto Giacometti (1901-1966) was widely known. His exorbitantly elongated, thin, fragile figures are devoid of strength and passion. These are ghost people, bled dry by tragic time ("Walking Man", 1960). A special role in the art of the XX century. played by the so-called vitalists (from the Latin vitalis - "vital") - artists who, in conditional, symbolic, and sometimes abstract images, sought to convey the rhythm and poetry of life. The most striking examples are the works of the English sculptor Henry Moore and the Romanian master Constantin Brancusi (Brancusi, 1876-1957). To the limit, the generalized forms of the sculptures of the latter are distinguished by clarity and quivering purity ("The Asleep Muse", 1909, "Table of Silence" - dedicated to the victims of the First World War). The appeal to sculpture was also natural for the Cubists. In the statues of Osip Zadkine (1890-1967), a native of Russia, the form lives its own life. The figures are composed of multidirectional surfaces: sometimes convex, sometimes concave. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Modern culture (Features of modern culture. Science and technology. Human spiritual life. Literature. Social thought. Music. Fashion. Painting, architecture and sculpture)
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