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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Russian culture of the Silver Age (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 10. Russian culture of the Silver Age 1. General characteristics of the culture of the Silver Age Russian culture of the late XIX - early XX centuries. received the name of the Silver Age (term N. A. Berdyaev). During this period, two different cultural streams met: on the one hand, traditions dating back to the XNUMXth century prevailed, on the other hand, a tendency to search for non-traditional forms appeared. Characteristic of this era was the fact that schools that departed from socio-political themes in art were often considered as representatives of the opposition (A. Blok and A. Bely, M. Vrubel, V. Meyerhold). Those who consciously continued the classical traditions were seen as spokesmen for general democratic ideas. At the turn of the century, many art associations arose in Russia: the World of Art, the Union of Russian Artists, etc. The so-called artistic colonies appeared - Abramtsevo and Talashkino, which gathered painters, architects, and musicians under one roof. In architecture, the Art Nouveau style is being promoted. A characteristic feature of the culture of the early XNUMXth century was the emergence and rapid spread of urban mass culture. The most striking example of this phenomenon was the unprecedented success of a new kind of spectacle - cinema. 2. Education and science The growth of the industry created a demand for educated people. However, the level of education did not change much: the 1897 census recorded 21 literate people per 100 inhabitants of the empire, and in the Baltic and Central Asia, among women and in the village, this level was lower. Government appropriations for the school increased from 1902 to 1912. more than 2 times. Since the beginning of the century, the question of compulsory primary education has been raised (it was adopted at the legislative level in 1908). After the revolution of 1905-1907. there was a certain democratization of higher education: the elections of deans and rectors were allowed, student organizations began to form. The number of secondary and higher educational institutions grew rapidly: by 1914 there were more than 200 of them. Saratov University was founded (1909). In total, by 1914 there were about 100 universities in the country with 130 thousand students. In general, the education system did not meet the needs of the country. There was no continuity between the various levels of education. in the humanities at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. an important turning point occurs. Scientific societies began to unite not only the scientific elite, but also amateurs, everyone who wants to engage in research activities. The most famous were: 1) geographical; 2) historical; 3) archaeological and other societies. The development of natural science took place in close contact with world science. The most striking phenomenon is the emergence of Russian religious and philosophical thought, an attribute of Russian philosophy. Russian historical school at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. won worldwide recognition. The studies of A. A. Shakhmatov on the history of Russian chronicle writing, V. Klyuchevsky (pre-Petrine period of Russian history) have become widely known in the world. Achievements in historical science are also associated with names: 1) P. N. Milyukov; 2) N. P. Pavlov-Silvansky; 3) A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky and others. The modernization of the country also required a fresh influx of forces into the sphere of natural sciences. New technical institutes were opened in Russia. World-class scientists were physicist P. N. Lebedev, mathematicians and mechanics N. E. Zhukovsky and S. A. Chaplygin, chemists N. D. Zelinsky and I. A. Kablukov. Moscow and St. Petersburg have become recognized scientific capitals of the world. At the beginning of the century, the geographical "discovery" of Russia was still going on. Huge unexplored expanses encouraged scientists and travelers to make risky expeditions. The travels of V. A. Obruchev, G. Ya. Sedov, A. V. Kolchak gained wide popularity. V. I. Vernadsky (1863-1945), an encyclopedist, one of the founders of geochemistry, the doctrine of the biosphere, which later formed the basis of his idea of the noosphere, or the sphere of the planetary mind, is among the famous scientists of this time. In 1903, the work of the creator of the theory of rocket propulsion, K. E. Tsiolkovsky (1875-1935), was published. The works of N. E. Zhukovsky (1847-1921) and I. I. Sikorsky (1889-1972) in aircraft construction, I. P. Pavlov, I. M. Sechenov and others were of significant importance. 3. Literature. Theatre. Cinema The development of literature went in line with the traditions of Russian classical literature of the XNUMXth century, the living personification of which was L. N. Tolstoy. Russian literature of the beginning of the XNUMXth century. represented by the names of A. P. Chekhov, M. Gorky, V. G. Korolenko, A. N. Kuprin, I. A. Bunin, etc. Early XNUMXth century was the heyday of Russian poetry. New trends were born: acmeism (A. A. Akhmatova, N. S. Gumilyov), symbolism (A. A. Blok, K. D. Balmont, A. Bely, V. Ya. Bryusov), futurism (V. V. Khlebnikov, V. V. Mayakovsky) and others. This period was characterized by such features as: 1) modernist thinking of the creators of culture; 2) strong influence of abstractionism; 3) patronage. The periodical press has acquired great importance in the life of Russian society. The release (1905) of the press from preliminary censorship contributed to an increase in the number of newspapers (the end of the 105th century - 1912 daily newspapers, 1131 - 24 newspapers in XNUMX languages), and an increase in their circulation. The largest publishing houses - I. D. Sytin, A. S. Suvorin, "Knowledge" - produced cheap editions. Each political movement had its own press organs. The theatrical life was also rich, where the Bolshoi (Moscow) and Mariinsky (Petersburg) theaters occupied the leading positions. In 1898, K. S. Stanislavsky and V. N. Nemirovich-Danchenko founded the Moscow Art Theater (originally the Moscow Art Theater), on the stage of which plays by Chekhov, Gorky and others were staged. At the beginning of the XX century. The attention of the musical community was drawn to the work of such talented Russian composers as: 1) A. N. Skryabin; 2) N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov; 3) S.V. Rachmaninov; 4) I. F. Stravinsky. Particularly popular among various segments of the urban population was the one that appeared at the turn of the 1908th-1914th centuries. cinema; in 300 the first Russian feature film "Stenka Razin" was released. By XNUMX over XNUMX paintings had been produced in the country. 4. Painting In the visual arts, there was a realistic trend - I. E. Repin, the Association of Traveling Exhibitions - and avant-garde trends. One of the trends was an appeal to the search for national original beauty - the works of M. V. Nesterov, N. K. Roerich and others. Russian impressionism is represented by the works of V. A. Serov, I. E. Grabar (Union of Russian Artists), K. A Korovina, P. V. Kuznetsova ("Golubayaroza") and others. In the first decades of the XX century. artists united to arrange joint exhibitions: 1910 - the exhibition "Jack of Diamonds" - P. P. Konchalovsky, I. I. Mashkov, R. R. Falk, A. V. Lentulov, D. D. Burliuk and others. famous artists of this period - K. S. Malevich, M. 3. Chagall, V. E. Tatlin. A major role in the development of artists had contacts with Western art, a kind of "pilgrimage to Paris". A significant role in the development of Russian art was played by the artistic direction "World of Art", which arose at the end of the 1897th century. In Petersburg. In 1898-1899. S. Diaghilev organized and held three exhibitions in Moscow and, having provided financial support, created in December XNUMX the magazine "World of Art", which gave the name to the movement. "World of Art" opened Finnish and Scandinavian painting, English artists to the Russian public. As an integral literary and artistic association, the "World of Art" existed until 1904. The resumption of the group in 1910 could no longer return its former role. The artists A. N. Benois, K. A. Somov, E. E. Lansere, M. V. Dobuzhinsky, L. S. Bakst and others united around the magazine. , theater directors and decorators, writers. The early works of M. V. Nesterov (1862-1942), who considered himself a student of V. G. Perov and V. E. Makovsky, were made on historical subjects in a realistic manner. The central work of Nesterov is "Vision to the youth Bartholomew" (1889-1890). K. A. Korovin (1861-1939) is often called a "Russian impressionist". Indeed, of all Russian artists of the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. he most fully mastered some of the principles of this direction - a joyful perception of life, the desire to convey fleeting sensations, a subtle play of light and color. A large place in the work of Korovin was occupied by the landscape. The artist also painted Parisian boulevards ("Paris. Capuchin Boulevard", 1906), and spectacular sea views, and Central Russian nature. Korovin worked a lot for the theater, designed performances. The art of V. A. Serov (1865-1911) is difficult to attribute to a specific direction. In his work there is a place for both realism and impressionism. Most of all, Serov became famous as a portrait painter, but he was also an excellent landscape painter. Since 1899, Serov took part in exhibitions of the "World of Art" association. Under their influence, Serov became interested in the historical theme (the era of Peter I). In 1907, he went on a trip to Greece (paintings "Odysseus and Nausicaa", "The Abduction of Europe", both 1910). The great Russian artist M. A. Vrubel (1856-1910) is widely known. The originality of his pictorial manner was in the endless crushing of the form on the verge. M. A. Vrubel is the author of tiled fireplaces with Russian heroes, benches with mermaids, sculptures ("Sadko", "Snow Maiden", "Berendey", etc.). A native of Saratov, V. E. Borisov-Musatov (1870-1905) worked a lot in the open air (in nature). In his sketches, he tried to capture the play of air and color. In 1897, he painted the Agave sketch, and a year later, Self-Portrait with Sister appeared. His characters are not specific people, the author himself invented them and dressed them in camisoles, white wigs, dresses with crinolines. The paintings reveal a poetic, idealized world of old quiet "noble nests", far from the general confusion of the modern critical era. 5. Architecture and sculpture In architecture, a new style has become widespread - modern with its characteristic desire to emphasize the purpose of residential and public buildings. He made extensive use of: 1) frescoes; 2) mosaic; 3) stained-glass windows; 4) ceramics; 5) sculpture; 6) new designs and materials. The architect F. O. Shekhtel (1859-1926) became a singer of the Art Nouveau style, the flourishing of the architecture of this style in Russia is associated with his name. During his creative life, he built an extraordinary amount: city mansions and summer cottages, multi-storey residential buildings, commercial and industrial buildings, banks, printing houses and even baths. In addition, the master designed theatrical performances, illustrated books, painted icons, designed furniture, and created church utensils. In 1902-1904. F. O. Shekhtel rebuilt the Yaroslavsky railway station in Moscow. The facade was decorated with ceramic panels made in the Bramtsevo workshop, the interior - with paintings by Konstantin Korovin. In the 1st decade of the XNUMXth century, during the heyday of Art Nouveau, interest in the classics began to revive in architecture. Many craftsmen used elements of the classical order and decor. So there was a special stylistic direction - neoclassicism. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. a new generation of sculptors was formed who opposed the realistic direction. Now preference was given not to careful detailing of the form, but to artistic generalization. Even the attitude towards the surface of the sculpture, on which fingerprints or stacks of the master were preserved, has changed. Interested in the characteristics of the material, they often preferred wood, natural stone, clay and even plasticine. A. S. Golubkina (1864-1927) and S. T. Konenkov, who became world-famous sculptors, are especially distinguished here. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Culture of the second half of the Golden Age (General characteristics of the era. Education. Science. Literature and social thought. Museums. Theater. Music. Painting. Architecture and sculpture) >> Forward: Russian culture of the 20-30s. XX century (General characteristics of the era. Education and science. Sports. Literature. Social thought. Social life. Cinema. Theater. Painting. Architecture and sculpture)
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