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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Soviet culture 1950-1980s (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 13. Soviet culture in the 1950s-1980s 1. Features of the culture of the period under study Features of the culture of the USSR of this period consisted in the struggle of the government with deviations from the "tasks of social construction." The pressure and control on the part of the party were so great that they oppressed the freedom of artists and scientists. Mass discussions in various branches of science of that time had a negative impact on their participants. After N. S. Khrushchev came to power, his meetings with the intelligentsia became habitual, at which the general secretary criticized the "formalists" and avant-gardists for being "incomprehensible." It should be noted that Khrushchev was poorly versed in matters of culture, and most of the "progressive" cultural figures could not openly oppose him. The development of culture took on a utilitarian character. L. I. Brezhnev spoke out against two extremes of culture: "slander" and "embellishment of reality." Works devoted to topical issues were criticized. Works in the spirit of neo-Stalinism were supported. In order to control culture in the mid-1970s. the system of state orders was introduced. Increased censorship. The acquaintance of Soviet citizens with foreign artistic culture was constantly limited. The development of culture in the 1960-80s. was contradictory. Although funds for the development of culture were constantly increasing, the achievements did not match the costs. 2. Education and science During this period, the leadership of the USSR began to pay great attention to education. In 1946, the Soviet government also significantly increased spending on science (they were 2,5 times higher than the spending of the previous year). At the same time, the Academies of Sciences of Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania were restored, and they were created in Kazakhstan, Latvia and Estonia. In the postwar period, a whole series of research institutes was organized. War and repression in the 1930s dealt a heavy blow to the intelligentsia, so in the 1940s - early 50s. in the Soviet Union there was a shortage of specialists with higher and secondary education. In the 1940s - early 50s. Soviet science and technology achieved a number of successes in the field of physics, chemistry, and precision mechanics, but they were mainly aimed at military needs. In 1949, an atomic bomb was tested in the USSR, and research was underway in the field of chemical and bacteriological weapons. Branches of science that were not directly related to defense were subjected to strict control. Indicative in this respect were the persecution of cybernetics, which was declared a science that contradicted the laws of materialism. This had a negative impact on the level of world development of the USSR. A monopoly position in the agricultural sciences was occupied by supporters of academician T. D. Lysenko, who promised to quickly increase crop yields without serious capital investments. After N. S. Khrushchev came to power, there was some emancipation of historical science. Gradually, there was a departure from the dogmas of the short course in the history of the CPSU (b), a revision of the role of Stalin in the history of the Soviet state. The personality cult of Khrushchev himself grew. During the years of the 7-year plan (1959-1965) there was a significant shift in the field of technical progress. In July 1956, the first Soviet jet passenger aircraft TU-104 took off into the sky. In 1957, a multi-stage intercontinental ballistic missile was launched. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet artificial Earth satellite was launched. The USSR became a pioneer in space exploration. On April 12, 1961, the Soviet pilot-cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin made the first space flight in history. In the mid 1950s-early 60s. the development of the mass media (media). Broadcasting covered the whole country. The time of the "thaw" was characterized by the rise of Soviet science and culture. Much attention was paid to secondary and higher education. In December 1958, a law was adopted, according to which, instead of 7-year education, universal compulsory 8-year education was introduced. In 1957, the world's most powerful elementary particle accelerator, the synchrophasotron, was launched in the USSR. In 1956, a major international research center, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, was established in Dubna. The works of Soviet physicists - academicians L. D. Landau, A. D. Sakharov and others - gained worldwide fame. The production of domestic computer technology began. The crisis state of school education caused attempts to reform the school (1983-1984). But unpreparedness, misunderstanding of the causes of the crisis in this area led to a quick rejection of the reform. Already in 1985-1986. she was turned around. The same problems were faced by higher education. Despite the fact that the number of universities and universities was constantly growing in the country, the country's industry and agriculture were in need of qualified personnel. The main reasons for this were: 1) irrational use of university graduates; 2) low level of their training; 3) a decrease in the prestige of a graduate. The situation in science was a little better. Soviet science did not lag behind the science of Western countries only in fundamental areas, while in the applied field, and especially in computerization, it was in the last ranks. Significant successes have been achieved by Soviet science in the fields of physics, chemistry, and space exploration. 1985-1991 in the field of education, science and culture are characterized ambiguously. In the field of education, changes began to occur from 1988. The shortage of teachers increased, as they began to go into commerce in order to secure a decent income. The interest of young people in getting an education has sharply decreased. Gradually introduced alternative education: 1) gymnasiums were created; 2) lyceums and colleges. During the second half of the 2s. in the USSR, there were practically no serious discoveries, and the leading branches of science, such as astronautics, nuclear physics, molecular biology, etc., hardly kept the level achieved in the previous period. 3. Literature The campaign against cosmopolitanism that unfolded in the late 1940s and early 50s had a negative impact on the development of literature and art. Its purpose was: 1) denigrate everything non-Soviet, non-socialist; 2) put up a barrier between the USSR and Western countries. In 1946-1948. decisions of the Party Central Committee were adopted “On the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad”, “On the repertoire of drama theaters and measures to improve it”, “On the film “Big Life”, “On V. Muradeli’s opera “The Great Friendship”. Well-known people were persecuted Soviet composers, writers: S. S. Prokofiev, A. N. Khachaturyan, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, A. A. Akhmatova, M. M. Zoshchenko and others, whose work was classified as anti-Soviet. During the years of the "thaw" the standard of living of the Soviet people increased noticeably. Since 1956, a 6-hour working day has been established for adolescents aged 16-18. In 1956-1960. the transfer of all workers and employees to a 7-hour day has ended, and in underground and hazardous work - to a 6-hour working day. During the "thaw" there was a noticeable rise in literature and art, which was greatly facilitated by the rehabilitation of some cultural figures repressed under Stalin. In 1958, the CPSU Central Committee adopted a resolution “On correcting errors in the evaluation of the operas “The Great Friendship” and “Bogdan Khmelnitsky”. At the same time, it was in the sphere of culture that the relapses of Stalinism were especially clearly manifested. In 1957-1962 "meetings" of party leaders with cultural and art figures were held, at which extremely harsh assessments of such anti-Stalinist works as the novels "Not by Bread Alone" by Dudintsev, "Levers" by A. A. Yashin, "Own Opinion" by D. A. Granin, and the novel "Doctor Zhivago", which was not even published in the USSR, became the reason for the persecution of B. L. Pasternak. As part of the literary and artistic process of the "thaw", a layer of intelligentsia was formed that was in opposition to the existing regime - dissidents. The emergence of "samizdat" and "tamizdat" literature also belonged to this time. In many cities, the number of theater studios has increased dramatically. New films began to appear on the screens. It is necessary to name the films of T. E. Abuladze. The penetration of Western cultural products, especially video films, into the country has increased significantly. The prestige of the journals Novy Mir (editor A.T. Tvardovsky), Yunost (editor V.P. Kataev) was constantly growing. A real shock for millions of Soviet people was the publication of a short story by A. I. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. It should be noted that Khrushchev supported the publication of this book and even publicly approved its nomination for the Lenin Prize. However, the A.I. Solzhenitsyn was not awarded, and Khrushchev himself did not return to this issue. 4. Public thought. Standard of living In the second half of the 2s. dissident movement begins to grow in the country. It became widespread among the intelligentsia of large cities. The concept of "dissidence" included various manifestations. Cultural figures who tried to openly express their doubts became dangerous for the country's leadership; very often they were imprisoned or expelled from the USSR. In 1960, writers A. D. Sinyavsky and Yu. M. Daniel were convicted for publishing their works in the West. In 1965 AI Solzhenitsyn was deprived of his Soviet citizenship and forcibly expelled from the USSR. Film director A. A. Tarkovsky, director Yu. P. Lyubimov, writer V. A. Nekrasov, poet I. A. Brodsky, cellist M. L. Rostropovich and others ended up abroad. The ideology of neo-Stalinism was also opposed by the "village" prose of V. P. Astafiev and B. A. Mozhaev. A special place in the culture of those years was occupied by books and films by V. M. Shukshin. Another specific feature of the culture of the 1960s and 1970s was the so-called. "recording revolution". Recordings of songs, as well as satirical speeches, played at home, were practically uncontrollable and became widespread. The recognized leaders were the bards V. S. Vysotsky, B. Sh. Okudzhava, A. A. Galich and others. Elements of a special, youth pop culture appear and are fixed. Since the mid 1970s. inflation started. Scarcity had a profound effect on the mass consciousness. At the same time, official propaganda waged an intensified struggle against "materialism". In the 1970s-1980s. among the writers, one should single out F. A. Iskander, poets I. A. Brodsky, N. M. Korzhavin, A. A. Galich, directors A. A. Tarkovsky, Yu. P. Lyubimov, A. A. German, T. E. Abuladze, S. N. Paradzhanov, the Mikhalkov brothers and others. Great changes took place in literature and art. A significant phenomenon was the return to Soviet people of the works of the authors of the "Russian Diaspora": philosophers N. A. Berdyaev and V. D. Solovyov, writers D. S. Merezhkovsky, M. A. Aldanov, I. A. Bunin and V. D. Nabokov , poets N. S. Gumilyov and I. A. Brodsky and many others. Many works of the Nobel Prize winner in literature A. Solzhenitsyn began to appear, primarily the Gulag Archipelago and the historical epic The Red Wheel. The so-called "informal" press began to appear. 5. Painting In 1947, the Academy of Arts of the USSR was established, and already in the 1950s. in the field of fine arts, a rigid educational and production system was established. The future artist had to go through a number of mandatory stages: 1) art school; 2) school or institute. He completed his studies with a large thematic painting and then became a member of the Union of Artists. The state was the main customer and buyer of his works. The main style was the so-called socialist realism (socialist realism), or Sots Art. In Soviet painting of the late 1950s - early 60s. the "severe style" was established. The source of inspiration for the masters of the "severe style" was the life of ordinary people, which they conveyed in a sublimely poetic spirit. The images in the paintings "Our everyday life" (1960) by P.F. Nikonov and "Rafters" (1961) by N.A. Andronov are generalized and laconic. Some masters, in contrast to the topics imposed by socialist realism, turned to other genres: 1) a portrait; 2) landscape; 3) still life. N. S. Khrushchev criticized abstract and formalist artists at exhibitions. In particular, the sculptor E. Neizvestny, having no idea either about his works or about the author himself. The meeting of E. N. Neizvestny and N. S. Khrushchev went down in history. The artist - the combat commander of the Patriotic War - took off his shirt in front of the head of state, showed terrible scars from wounds on his back. Khrushchev was amazed and embarrassed. 6. In circles of creative intelligentsia In the circles of the creative intelligentsia - writers, artists, filmmakers (later they were called "sixties") - opposition to official art was formed. Already in the late 1950s. there was a group of artists passionate about European and American surrealism. They fully declared themselves in the 2nd half of the 60s and in the 70s. XNUMXth century Each artist developed his own, easily recognizable set of images-signs. Vladimir Borisovich Yankilevsky (born in 1938) graduated from the art studio at the Moscow Polygraphic Institute. His works - "Atmosphere of Kafka" (1969), a series of engravings "Mutations" (1970s) and others - are rebuses composed of various icons that evoke associations with tables, diagrams, graphs, etc. Later, Yankilevsky began to create three-dimensional objects. Ilya Iosifovich Kabakov (born in 1933) chose a different pictorial "dictionary" for his works: pictures for children's books, stands, wall newspapers, posters. However, in the artist's compositions, they lose their usual functions, and the viewer is invited to come up with another purpose for them. The son of E. L. Kropivnitsky, Lev Evgenyevich Kropivnitsky (1922-1994) and V. I. Nemukhin (born in 1925) used the techniques of abstract expressionism in their work. In addition, Lev Kropivnitsky illustrated books. In the same years, a talented artist and friend of V. S. Vysotsky M. M. Shemyakin was expelled from the country. Masters of different generations, who until now only dreamed of freedom of expression, now enthusiastically indulged in experiments in the spirit of modern Western artistic trends. Soviet artists who worked outside the framework of official art became famous in the West, as their works were acquired mainly by foreigners. Western critics called these masters "nonconformists" (from the English "dissenters"). At the exhibition in 1962 in the Moscow Manege, N. S. Khrushchev subjected the "nonconformists" to harsh criticism. After the exhibition, the "nonconformists" went underground: they staged shows of their work in private apartments, sometimes in clubs and cafes. The next major performance of the "nonconformists" was an exhibition on a wasteland in the Moscow district of Belyaevo (1974). The city authorities, in the presence of foreign journalists, dispersed it with the help of bulldozers (it went down in history under the name "Bulldozer Exhibition"). The event received international publicity, and two weeks later, with the permission of the authorities, a new outdoor exhibition was held in Izmailovo. Since then, at official exhibitions until the mid-1980s. a greater variety of themes, traditions, and manners of performance was allowed. In the 1970-80s. among the "non-conformists" forms of avant-garde art, such as actions, performances, became more and more popular. Here the artist did not represent any work, but himself as the bearer of the idea. In the 1980-90s. Russian art developed in parallel with Western art. Private galleries (M. A. Gelman, A. Salakhova, and others) sprang up to support "non-traditional" forms of art. 7. Architecture and sculpture Similar processes took place in architecture. So, in the 1950s. the party leadership condemned "decoration" and "excessive luxury." A course was taken for the mass construction of residential buildings. Asceticism and simplicity became standards. The dominating position among architectural forms was occupied by a parallelepiped, among building materials - concrete (the Kremlin Palace of Congresses, the Taganka Theater). And in the 1970s and 80s. a variety of shapes, styles, materials became popular. Titanium and glass structures appear, the historical style is especially fond of architects. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Culture of the Great Patriotic War (General characteristics of the era. Education and science. Literature. Music. Theater. Painting and architecture) >> Forward: Russian culture 1991-2003 (General characteristics of the period. Education and science. Literature, cinema, theater. Media. Painting, architecture and sculpture)
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