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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Culture of the era of Peter the Great (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 6. Culture of the era of Peter the Great 1. General trends in the culture of the era of Peter the Great At the turn of the XVII and XVIII centuries. In Russia, the Middle Ages ended and the New Age began. In Russia, this historical transition occurred rapidly - within the life of one generation. Russian art of the XVIII century. in just a few decades, it was destined to secularize (turn from religious to secular), master new genres (for example, portrait, still life and landscape) and discover completely new themes (in particular, mythological and historical). Because of this, different styles of art existed in Russia in the 7th century. simultaneously. The reforms carried out by Peter 1698 (1725-XNUMX) affected not only politics, economics, but also art. The goals of the young king were: 1) put Russian art on a par with European art; 2) to educate the domestic public; 3) surround your yard with architects, sculptors and painters. Despite the fact that at that time there were almost no major Russian masters, after only a hundred years, Russia presented a whole galaxy of talents. 2. Education, science The creation of a regular army and navy, the formation of an absolutist bureaucracy, and other reforms in the country required a radical restructuring of the entire education system and the training of a large number of qualified specialists. Peter I forced the Russian nobility to study. Already in 1699, the Pushkar School was founded in Moscow, and in 1701, a "school of mathematical and navigational sciences" was opened in the building of the Sukharev Tower. In the time of Peter the Great, the Medical School was opened (1707), as well as the following schools: 1) engineering; 2) shipbuilding; 3) navigation; 4) mountain; 5) handicraft. Secular education required new textbooks. In 1703, “Arithmetic, that is, the science of numbers...” by L.F. Magnitsky was published, which introduced Arabic numerals instead of alphabetic ones, and then Magnitsky and the English mathematician A. Farvarson released “Tables of logarithms and sines.” Simultaneously with the reform in the field of education in the 1st quarter of the XVIII century. The publishing industry flourished. In 1708, Peter I introduced a new civil script instead of the old Church Slavonic. New printing houses were created to print secular educational, scientific and specialized literature, as well as legislative acts. The development of science and technology in the Petrine era met, above all, the practical needs of the state. Great strides have been made in: 1) geodesy; 2) hydrography; 3) cartography; 4) the study of the bowels and the search for minerals. Russian sailors-hydrographers have done a lot to map the Azov, Caspian, Baltic and White Seas. The search for iron and copper ores in the Urals and Siberia was actively conducted with the assistance of local peasants. The activities of Russian inventors were noted with great success. E. P. Nikonov presented a project for the creation of "hidden ships" (submarines). A famous mechanic of the time of Peter the Great was A. K. Nartov, the inventor of lathes and screw-cutting machines, the creator of the optical sight. In the 1st quarter of the XVIII century. a number of valuable studies on national history were written. At the initiative of Peter I, a collection of scientific collections was initiated in Russia. The pinnacle of achievements of the time of Peter the Great in the field of science and education was the creation (by decree of January 28, 1724) in St. Petersburg of the Academy of Sciences (it was opened after the death of Peter I in 1726). The Academy of Sciences was created not only as a national scientific center, but also as a base for the training of scientific personnel. At this scientific center, a university and a gymnasium were opened. 3. Literature and theater This layer of Russian culture was the most colorful, the most mosaic and heterogeneous; he practically did not come into contact with the work of the elite. In the time of Peter the Great, there was less persecution of traditional pagan festivals with their stormy "hums", dances, round dances, etc. During this period, the nobility, and partly the townspeople, were direct witnesses of a noticeable increase in non-religious printed books. In 1708, a sample of letters of various content was published with the use of the latest vocabulary, where Dutch, German words, terms, and expressions abounded. Within the framework of literature, the birth of Russian classicism takes place. The most famous works of this genre are the creations of the orator, writer, church and public figure of the era of Peter the Great, the main supporter of the church reform Feofan Prokopovich. The main theme of Prokopovich is the glorification of the army, reforms and Russia. Economic journalism was represented by the works of the outstanding scientist I. T. Pososhkov (1652-1726). In 1702, a theater was built on Moscow's Red Square, which opened its doors to the common public. German actors played in it, the repertoire consisted of: 1) German; 2) French; 3) Spanish plays. However, such a theater was rare. Peter's time includes attempts to create public theaters ("comedy temples") in Moscow and St. Petersburg, where plays on historical themes and comedies were staged (for example, J.-B. Pierre's Amphitrion and The Forced Doctor). In the era of Peter the Great, interest in secular music, amateur music-making was born, and professional choral art was developing. Bravura military drill music is gaining popularity. 4. Life of the Russian people New everyday forms of culture were planted in the life of the noble elite. In 1700, at the gates of the Kremlin, mannequins with samples of new clothes for the nobility (Hungarian, Saxon and French) were even exhibited. The original figure of the king, who at first observed traditional ceremonies only at diplomatic receptions, brought dramatic changes to palace life. Traditions were simplified, stiffness disappeared. Since 1718, by decree of the king, assemblies were introduced that legalized the forms of royal communication with the people he needed and liked. The behavior of young nobles in society was regulated by Western European norms set forth in the translated book "Youth's Honest Mirror". In the capitals, on solemn dates, in honor of one or another "victory" (the Northern War, the capture of Azov, the victory at Poltava, the anniversary of the Nishtad Peace, etc.), colorful fireworks and grandiose masquerades were in fashion. Treats were exhibited on the squares (fountains of wine, fried carcasses). The patriarchal way of life gradually gave way to secularism and rationalism. 5. Painting 1700-1725 In the field of fine arts in the 1st quarter of the 1701th century. active development receives secular painting. A. M. Matveev (1739-XNUMX) was an outstanding portrait painter of that time. Among the masters of engraving, I. B. Adolsky was famous. The works of artists A.F. Zubov, A.I. Rostovtsev and P. Picard brought to us the architectural appearance of both Russian capitals. The closest to everyday life was the genre of engraving, which had a fairly large circle of connoisseurs. Many books had engraved images. From the end of the XNUMXth century Russian pictorial art is being transformed. In the art of icon painting, a tendency to move towards a realistic depiction of the world and people began to appear. The so-called parsuna genre is developing - a realistic portrait created in a traditional planar manner. The artists of this genre were influenced by Western European painting. In the first years of the XVIII century. issued special decrees concerning the training and education of artists. The most talented were sent on long business trips abroad (A. M. Matveev, I. Nikitin, R. Nikitin). During this period, a number of foreign artists were also invited to Russia. These are Louis Caravaque, Johann Tannauer and others. 6. Architecture 1700-1725 Architecture in the time of Peter the Great also experienced Western European influence. A new phenomenon in Russian culture was the spread of sculptural compositions, which was especially pronounced in the creation of palace and park ensembles, for example, in the design of the Grand Cascade of the Peterhof Palace (architect J. B. Leblon). At the beginning of the XVIII century. in urban planning, a transition is being made to regular urban development, the creation of large architectural ensembles, mainly for civil, and not for religious purposes. The construction of St. Petersburg is a prime example of this. At the end of the XVII-beginning of the XVIII centuries. the formation of the so-called Naryshkin style, or the "Moscow Baroque" style of church architecture, is taking place (for details, see Lecture No. 4). There was also a fundamentally new architecture based on the order system (columns, porticos, pediments, etc.). The interiors of church churches began to be decorated with multi-tiered wooden iconostases with the most complex decorative carvings, the best craftsmen of which were Belarusian wood carvers. One of the brilliant masters of carving was the architect IP Zarudny. A fundamentally new architecture created the basis of the capital of Russia at that time - St. Petersburg. Here, from the very beginning, the North German (Dutch) version of the Baroque was developed with a restrained dry decor, with a desire for maximum rationality. The bearer of this trend was D. Trezzini. He took an active part in the planning of St. Petersburg, in particular its Vasilyevsky part. The Swiss D. Trezzini designed the most important buildings of St. Petersburg - the Peter and Paul Fortress and its cathedral, the building of the Twelve Colleges (built on Vasilyevsky Island in 1722-1734, completed by M. G. Zemtsov). The latter consists of 12 identical parts, located on the same line and decorated only with pilasters. The building is deployed not along the Neva, but at a right angle to it. As conceived by the architect, the long front facade of the Twelve Collegia was supposed to face the proposed square on the spit of the island. The palace of A. D. Menshikov, whose main facade faces the Neva, has long been the most luxurious private house in the northern capital. It has recently been restored to its original form. And in the design of the facades (high roofs, windows with small bindings), and in the interiors, decorated with wood, white and blue tiles (baked clay tiles) and various fabrics, Dutch taste dominates. Slightly upstream of the Neva was the Summer Palace (1710-1714, architects D. Trezzini and A. Schluter), which Peter presented to his wife Catherine. A special pride of Peter I was the Summer Garden surrounding this building. Peter's transformations in the sphere of culture, life and customs were of a pronounced political nature. The interests of the state were put at the forefront of these reforms. They were supposed to emphasize the fundamental difference between the Russian Empire, created in a quarter of a century, and a great state of the European type. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Russian culture of the 17th century (General trends in Russian culture of the 17th century. Literature, education, science. Painting of the 17th century. Portrait genre. Russian architecture of the 17th century. The rise of civil architecture) >> Forward: Russian culture 1725-1800 (General characteristics of the culture of the era of “palace coups” and Catherine’s reign. Education. Science. Literature and social thought. Theatre. Painting. Architecture, sculpture)
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