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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Culture of Ancient Egypt (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 18. Culture of Ancient Egypt 1. Periodization and general characteristics of the culture of Ancient Egypt The civilization of Ancient Egypt is one of the oldest in the world. She gave mankind great monuments of architecture, fine arts, writing. The history of the culture of Ancient Egypt is usually divided into the following periods: 1) pre-dynastic period (IV millennium, 33-30 centuries BC); 2) the ancient kingdom (XXX-XXIII centuries BC); 3) the middle kingdom (XXI-XVIII centuries BC); 4) new kingdom (XVI-XI centuries BC); 5) late time (XI-332 BC). For a long time, Egyptian culture developed in isolation. In the traditional world of the Eastern kingdoms, there were practically no changes. The rules and canons of artistic creativity that had developed in ancient times remained almost unchanged. The inviolability and greatness of the king's power were emphasized once and for all by established methods. The funeral cult was of great importance in the religion of Ancient Egypt. However, even within the framework of such a strict adherence to traditions and canons, ancient Egyptian art was not devoid of movement. The characteristic features of the ancient Egyptian culture were the consciousness of power, the desire to preserve and increase it, the thirst for immortality. Art as a whole had a monumental character that overwhelmed the viewer. 2. Religion The polytheism that existed in Egypt did not contribute to the centralization of the state. Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (XIV century BC) tried to carry out religious reforms in order to establish monotheism. The most important feature of the religion and culture of ancient Egypt was the protest against death. The Egyptians believed in the immortality of the soul - this was the main doctrine of the Egyptian religion, and the passionate desire for immortality determined the whole worldview of the Egyptians. The desire for immortality became the basis for the emergence of the funeral cult, which played an extremely important role in the history of Ancient Egypt. The main condition of the afterlife, the Egyptians considered the preservation of the body of the deceased. This concern led to the emergence of the art of making mummies. In order to prolong life after death, it was important to take care of the construction of a tomb for the body. 3. Education and science. Literature The emergence of Egyptian writing is attributed to the XXX century. BC e. Despite the complexity of hieroglyphic writing, already in the most ancient period, not only priests, scribes and nobles, but also builders were literate. In the III millennium BC. e. at the court of the pharaoh, schools appeared in which future scribes were trained. Science was an important part of Egyptian culture: without scientific knowledge, it was impossible to manage the economy, construction, military affairs, and government. Mathematics developed under the influence of practical needs. The Egyptians learned to accurately determine the timing of sowing, ripening and harvesting grain. They created an accurate calendar based on observations of the heavenly bodies. Medicine has made significant progress. The development of medical science was facilitated by the custom of mummification of corpses, thanks to which priests and doctors could study the anatomy of the human body and its internal organs. The achievement of ancient Egyptian medicine can be considered the doctrine of blood circulation and the heart as its main organ. The Egyptians established a connection between brain damage and dysfunction of body parts. Already in the most ancient period, the specialization of doctors was developed: for example, doctors differed "uterine", ophthalmic, dental. To II millennium BC. e. include the oldest geographical maps that have come down to us. Historical knowledge was also accumulated. In Egypt, for a long time they kept a list of kings indicating the exact dates of the reign and a detailed description of the events that took place during the years of their reign. The civilization of Ancient Egypt left mankind a rich literary heritage. The most characteristic feature of ancient Egyptian literature is its inextricable connection with religion and the indispensable traditional character of ancient stories. Most of the literary works were the art form of myths. Literature performed the function of explaining questions about the origin of the world, the meaning of life and death, natural phenomena, etc. Many of these works, along with a reflection of reality, also contain elements of fantasy. 4. Music, painting The musical culture of Egypt is one of the most ancient in the world. Music accompanied all religious ceremonies, mass celebrations and, thus, was closely connected with dance and literature. She was credited with magical powers. Musicians enjoyed great respect in society, they were considered relatives of the pharaohs. Played on: 1) lyre; 2) drum; 3) double flute; 4) harp. Painting was also very common in ancient Egypt. Most of the murals of antiquity have not been preserved, but many samples of the Middle Kingdom have come down. The crypts of this period were painted with frescoes inside. They depicted scenes from the life, life of people, nature on the banks of the Nile. The servants were portrayed as very small. In the tombs of kings and nobles, the so-called "ushebti" were found - numerous figurines of slaves, musicians, cooks in free, uninhibited poses, distinguished by emotionality and movement. Over time, the plots become more diverse, the scenes become more dynamic. The color scheme becomes softer and richer. Wall images of the New Kingdom have undergone significant changes. In temple reliefs and murals, dynamic, complex compositions were replaced by smooth, unhurried subjects. We see the rapidly racing chariots of the great conqueror Thutmose III, stories of great travels, scenes of hunting and magnificent feasts. The color of the paintings is enriched with warm pink, golden undertones that convey shades of human skin. 5. Architecture An important feature of ancient Egyptian culture was the construction of pyramids. The search for new architectural forms to exalt royal power led to the appearance of such structures as the pyramids. In the XXVIII century. BC e. The architect of Pharaoh Djoser, Imhotep, created a building directed upwards from seven decreasing steps placed one on top of the other (the number 7 is sacred, the height is 70 m). The followers of Imhotep, developing further his ideas, came to the creation of pyramids of the so-called classical type, with smooth edges, which struck the imagination of contemporaries and distant descendants. The period of the New Kingdom is especially interesting for its architecture. The pharaohs of the XVIII dynasty conquered large territories (Sudan, Palestine, part of Turkey, etc.), since significant resources were concentrated there: gold, resins. Countless riches allowed the rulers of Egypt to decorate the country and the capital - Thebes - with magnificent temples. Of particular importance is the cult of the supreme deity Amun-Ra. The main type of architectural structure in the period of the New Kingdom is the temple. In the capital of Egypt, Thebes, two famous temple complexes were created in Karnak and Luxor, dedicated to the cult of Amun-Ra. If the tombs of the pharaohs turned into secret burial places, then the construction of mortuary temples became all the more important for the glorification of the kings. A special place among the mortuary temples is occupied by the temple of Queen Hatshepsut (XV century BC). The emerging trends in the visual arts led to its extraordinary rise, which went down in history under the name of the Amarna period (beginning of the XNUMXth century BC). This was preceded by serious upheavals in the political and religious life of Egypt (see the beginning of the lecture, Akhenaten's reform). The works of art found in the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamen are also made in the traditions of the Amarna style. At the end of the XIII-XI centuries. BC e. begins a period of protracted decline. The construction of large structures is being stopped, the skills of plastic and painting masters are being lost. 6. Sculpture The architecture of Egypt was inextricably linked with sculpture, and sculpture was associated primarily with ideas about the afterlife. The man was depicted in static poses. The sculptors sought to create an impression of monumentality. The statues are painted in traditional colors. 1. Men's - in red-brown. 2. Women's - in yellow. Inlaid with precious stones and metals was used. Next to the pyramid of Pharaoh Khafre stands an amazing statue of the so-called Great Sphinx, a fantastic creature with the body of a lion and the portrait head of a king. The basis of this structure is a limestone rock, skillfully processed by craftsmen. The dimensions of the statue are huge: length 57 m, height 20 m. The task of the sphinx is to guard the road of Ascension, along which the sarcophagus with the body of the pharaoh was dragged. The portrait features of the sphinx coincide with those of the pharaoh Khafre. The statues of Prince Rakhotep and his wife Nofret can serve as classical examples of the sculpture of the Old Kingdom. During the heyday of the Middle Kingdom, a new direction was formed in the plastic art of Egypt. Masters begin to pay more attention to the individual characteristics of the individual. With the help of carefully worked out details, they strive to show the character of a person, his age, mood. The new style of harmony and beauty is also manifested in the fine arts and sculpture of the New Kingdom. So, the throne portraits of Hatshepsut depict a female pharaoh in full royal attire and even with an artificial beard - such is the canon. But there are other images of the queen, where she appears in all the charm of feminine softness and beauty. The most significant achievements of the Amarna period are associated with the development of a new style of plastic forms, with a new interpretation of the image of a person. Art followed the path of rapprochement with real life, the path of revealing the true inner world of man. The pinnacle of the plastic art of the period under review is the portrait busts of Akhenaten's beautiful wife, Queen Nefertiti. The beautiful head of Nefertiti on a long and flexible neck is topped with a royal crown. The impression is enhanced by the warm flesh tones of the coating, combined with a luxurious necklace and a bright blue crown of the queen. Not only in the interpretation of images, but also in the plot outline of the depicted, a lot of new things appear. Everyday and even intimate scenes appear in the reliefs and wall paintings of Akhetaton. The pharaoh is depicted surrounded by a family with his beloved wife and playing children. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Indian culture (Features of Indian culture. Literature. Science. Religion. Music. Dance. Theater. Cinema. Painting. Architecture. Sculpture) >> Forward: Antique culture (Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome) (Features of ancient culture. Religion. Theater. Music. Enlightenment. Science. Literature. Painting. Architecture. Sculpture. Vase painting)
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