LECTURE No. 3. Russian culture of the era of fragmentation

1. General features of the culture of the era of fragmentation

1. The era of fragmentation covers the XII-XV centuries. Russian history and the beginning of the XVI century. For the Russian spiritual culture of the middle of the XII-XIII centuries. the emergence of original cultural centers in different regions of Russia is characteristic. The main role in this process was played by large and strong principalities, such as:

1) Galicia-Volyn;

2) Vladimir-Suzdal;

3) Veliky Novgorod.

By the middle of the XIV century. Gaining strength in the struggle for power, a new principality in the political arena - Moscow. The annals are widely developed. Any serious monuments in the field of material and spiritual culture of the XIII century. after the Mongol-Tatar invasion was not preserved. From the second half of the XIII century. In comparison with the previous period, an insignificant number of annals has come down, and they are distinguished by a more concise and dry presentation than the annals of previous periods. Literature is actively developing. Before the Battle of Kulikovo, the story "About the Battle of the Kalka", "The Story of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu", stories about Alexander Nevsky were widely disseminated.

Church ("hagiographic") literature also became widespread. The "Life" of Dmitry Donskoy reveals the deep patriotism and unity of the Russian people. Talented church writers Pakhomiy Logofet, Epiphanius the Wise compiled biographies of the largest church figures in Russia: Metropolitan Peter, who transferred the center of the metropolis to Moscow, Sergius of Radonezh, the founder of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.

From the beginning of the XIV century. there has been a new upsurge of culture in the Russian lands, which continued during the XIV-XV centuries. Large cities of Russia were expanded and restored. In 1408, the All-Russian chronicle code was compiled. In 1442, the first Russian Chronograph, compiled by Pachomius Logofet, appeared - a world history that included the history of Russia. Stone construction and church painting continue to develop. In architecture, there is a combination of local traditions, forms borrowed from Byzantium and elements of the Western European Romanesque style.

2. Culture of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'

The first independent Vladimir-Suzdal prince was the son of Vladimir Monomakh, Yuri Dolgoruky.

In North-Eastern Russia, a remarkable work of ancient Russian literature was created - "The Word of Daniel the Sharpener".

For many centuries in Russia, the art of wood carving, and later - stone carving, developed and improved. The white-stone carving of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia during the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod the Big Nest, clearly expressed in the decorations of palaces and cathedrals, became a remarkable feature of ancient Russian art.

Simultaneously with the court church, Yuri Dolgoruky founded the Transfiguration Cathedral (1152-1157) in the city of Pereslavl-Zalessky founded by him.

Yuri's successor, Prince Andrei, decided to make the young city of Vladimir the capital of the principality he had inherited. Under Vladimir, Andrei founded a castle town called Bogolyubov, and he himself received the nickname Bogolyubsky. Andrei did not want to own Kyiv: he dreamed of turning Vladimir into a new Kyiv, which would not be inferior to the famous model.

In Vladimir, in the princely courtyard, there was the Church of the Savior; they entered the city through the Golden Gate (1164). The new Vladimir Assumption Cathedral (1158-1160), founded by Andrei, surpassed all the cathedrals of Hagia Sophia in Russia in height. The walls and pillars in it were thinner than in the buildings of Yuri Dolgoruky; instead of protrusions-blades spreading along the wall, flat 4-sided semi-columns were constructed.

For the first time Vladimir townspeople saw carved stone reliefs. On one of them, griffins (fantastic creatures with a lion's body, eagle's head and wings) lifted Alexander the Great to heaven.

In Bogolyubovoye there is a building that has become a symbol of ancient Russian architecture - the famous Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165). The prince ordered to put it where r. The Nerl flows into the Klyazma, in memory of his son, young Izyaslav, who died in battle with the Volga Bulgars.

3. Culture of Veliky Novgorod

For several centuries, Novgorod the Great was the "second capital" of Russia after Kyiv. This city was famous for its population and wealth. The princes of Kyiv "placed" their eldest sons on the throne of Novgorod. The Novgorod birch bark documents that have survived to this day testify to the presence of a high level of literacy among the urban population.

In Novgorod, an original version of an Orthodox church is presented, and although it is less connected with the embodiment of Byzantine architectural consciousness than in Kyiv, in expressiveness and brevity it is akin to the nature of northern nature.

In the second half of the XIII century. in Novgorod, stone construction came to a standstill. The city escaped the Mongol-Tatar invasion, but was forced to repel the onslaught of the Germans and Swedes, and then take on a fair share of the payments of the Horde tribute. Tver and Novgorod were the first to resume the tradition of stone construction. Already in 1292, Novgorodians began to build the Church of St. Nicholas on Lipna, and in the 1360th century, a number of temples were created on Novgorod land, which are now considered remarkable creations of ancient Russian architecture. Among them are the churches of Fyodor Stratilat on the Brook (1374) and the Church of the Savior on Ilyina Street (XNUMX).

4. Creating a special style of temple building

In the second half of the XIII - the middle of the XIV century. Novgorod masters created a special style of temple construction. The small size of churches was dictated not only by the fact that funds from the citywide treasury were no longer used for church buildings. Parishioners collected money for the construction, taking into account their own interests and opportunities.

Customers from among the rich townspeople sought to ensure that their church was distinguished by the elegance of forms and original decor. The facades of temple buildings began to be covered with small figured niches, recesses in the form of rosettes, and crosses made of hewn brick. The drums of the domes were surrounded by rows of coquettish arches and triangles. The three-lobed covering, emphasized by a decorative arch, eventually turned into a favorite technique of Novgorod architects and became in the XIV-XV centuries. a true architectural symbol of the Novgorod style of temple construction.

Novgorod architects of the post-Mongol era switched to other building materials: church buildings were laid out mainly from roughly hewn limestone slabs and boulders.

In Novgorod the Great, in addition to church architecture, secular architecture developed. The stone Chamber of Facets was erected, in which noble boyars gathered for advice. The Novgorod school of painting developed later than the schools of other principalities. Its characteristic features were the clarity of the idea, the reality of the image, and accessibility. From the XII century. Remarkable creations of Novgorod painters have come down to us: the icon "Angel with Golden Hair", where, for all the Byzantine conventionality of the appearance of an Angel, one feels a quivering and beautiful human soul. Or the icon "The Savior Not Made by Hands" (also from the XNUMXth century), in which Christ, with his expressive break in his eyebrows, appears as a formidable, understanding judge of the human race. In the icon "Assumption of the Virgin" in the faces of the apostles all the sorrow of loss is captured. And the Novgorod land gave a lot of such masterpieces. Suffice it to recall, for example, the famous frescoes of the Church of the Savior on Nereditsa near Novgorod (end of the XNUMXth century).

5. Moscow principality

In Moscow, which led the process of collecting Russian lands, the most active construction was carried out. In the center of the Kremlin, on Cathedral Square, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower appeared (completed under Boris Godunov).

Information about the first stone church in Moscow is contradictory. The chronicle calls the Assumption Cathedral, built in 1327 under Prince Ivan Danilovich, nicknamed Kalita. But a century and a half after the construction, the cathedral building was very dilapidated and in the early 70s. XV century was dismantled during the construction of a new Assumption Cathedral. The construction was carried out without delay, and two years later the walls of the temple were almost ready. But on the night of May 20, 1474, the northern wall of the building brought to the vaults suddenly collapsed.

There were several versions of the cause of the disaster. The news has survived that the cathedral collapsed due to an earthquake. After the fall of the wall, Grand Duke Ivan III took care of the continuation of construction. On the advice of Sophia, his second wife, who lived for many years in Rome, he settled on Aristotle Fioravanti of Boshi. Four years later (1479), the building was completed. A majestic snow-white cathedral rose on the central square of the Moscow Kremlin, reminiscent of the temples of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia of the XNUMXth century.

Fioravanti managed to organically combine the traditions and principles of Russian architecture with the advanced technical achievements of European architecture. The five-domed Assumption Cathedral was the largest public building of that time. In 1484-1489. Pskov craftsmen erected the Cathedral of the Annunciation - the house church of the Moscow sovereigns. Not far from it was built the tomb of the Moscow Grand Dukes - the Archangel Cathedral. At the end of the XV century. The Faceted Chamber was built, which got its name from the "facets" that adorned the outer walls. The Faceted Chamber was part of the royal palace, its throne room. The Moscow Kremlin has become a kind of symbol of the power and strength of the state that has developed around Moscow.

In some cathedrals, colored (majolica) floors were made, copper doors with various images and decorations, gilded carved crosses, and internal and external wall painting was carried out.

6. Painting of the XIV-XV centuries

Painting of the XIV-XV centuries. rose to a new, higher level of its development. In Novgorod, when painting the Volotovo Church, and later - in Moscow at the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth centuries. the artist Theophanes the Greek worked. He worked together with Simeon Cherny on the design of the Moscow Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, and also participated in the design of the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow. The largest Russian artist of the late XIV - early XV century. was Andrey Rublev. Together with Theophan the Greek and the painter Prokhor from Gorodets, he painted the Trinity Cathedral in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The famous work "Trinity" belongs to his pen. For Rublev's work, a departure from the church canons of painting is typical, his works are striking in their emotionality, depth and truthfulness of the image of people. Great development in the XIV-XV centuries. reached Russian applied art. Outstanding examples of jewelry, wood and stone carving, wooden sculpture, and silk embroidery have been preserved. The rise of Russian culture reflected the development of the Great Russian people.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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