History of world and domestic culture. Culture of Russia 1991-2003 (lecture notes)

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History of world and domestic culture. Culture of Russia 1991-2003 (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Table of contents (expand)

Introduction to cultural history
Culture of Ancient Rus' (Culture of the pagan period. Life of Rus')
Christian culture of Rus' (Achievements of Christian culture of Rus'. Chronicle genre. Construction of churches. Church art)
Russian culture in the era of fragmentation (General features of the culture of the era of fragmentation. Culture of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. Culture of Veliky Novgorod. Creation of a special style of temple construction. Moscow principality. Painting of the XIV-XV centuries)
Culture of Russia in the 16th century (General characteristics of the era. Science and literacy. Life and social thought. The emergence of printing in Russia. Painting. Architecture)
Russian culture of the 17th century (General trends in Russian culture of the 17th century. Literature, education, science. Painting of the 17th century. Portrait genre. Russian architecture of the 17th century. The rise of civil architecture)
Culture of the era of Peter the Great (General trends in the culture of the era of Peter the Great. Education, science. Literature and theater. Life of the Russian people. Painting 1700-1725. Architecture 1700-1725)
Russian culture 1725-1800 (General characteristics of the culture of the era of “palace coups” and Catherine’s reign. Education. Science. Literature and social thought. Theatre. Painting. Architecture, sculpture)
Golden age of Russian culture. First half (General characteristics of the culture of this period. Development of education, literature and science. Literature and social thought. Theatre. Painting. Architecture and sculpture)
Culture of the second half of the Golden Age (General characteristics of the era. Education. Science. Literature and social thought. Museums. Theater. Music. Painting. Architecture and sculpture)
Russian culture of the Silver Age (General characteristics of the culture of the Silver Age. Education and science. Literature. Theater. Cinema. Painting. Architecture and sculpture)
Russian culture of the 20-30s. XX century (General characteristics of the era. Education and science. Sports. Literature. Social thought. Social life. Cinema. Theater. Painting. Architecture and sculpture)
Culture of the Great Patriotic War (General characteristics of the era. Education and science. Literature. Music. Theater. Painting and architecture)
Soviet culture 1950-1980s (Features of the culture of the period under study. Education and science. Literature. Social thought. Standard of living. Painting. In the circles of the creative intelligentsia. Architecture and sculpture)
Russian culture 1991-2003 (General characteristics of the period. Education and science. Literature, cinema, theater. Media. Painting, architecture and sculpture)
The culture of the primitive era (General characteristics of the period. Material culture. The emergence of art. Mythology. Fine arts. The emergence of writing. Further development of abstract thinking, accumulation of rational knowledge)
Chinese culture (Features of Chinese culture. Education and science. Religion. National holidays. Literature. Chinese fiction of the 1920-30s. Theater. Music. Dance. Ballet. Cinema. Painting. Architecture. Decorative and applied arts)
Indian culture (Features of Indian culture. Literature. Science. Religion. Music. Dance. Theater. Cinema. Painting. Architecture. Sculpture)
Culture of Ancient Egypt (Periodization and general characteristics of the culture of Ancient Egypt. Religion. Education and science. Literature. Music, painting. Architecture. Sculpture)
Antique culture (Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome) (Features of ancient culture. Religion. Theater. Music. Enlightenment. Science. Literature. Painting. Architecture. Sculpture. Vase painting)
Japanese culture (Features of Japanese culture. Literature. Religion. Theater. Painting. Architecture, sculpture. Decorative and applied arts)
Arab culture (Features of the culture of Arab countries. Religion. Islam. Life and customs of Muslims. Sharia. Science. Literature. Arabic language. Fine arts and calligraphy. Architecture of Islam)
Medieval culture (General characteristics of culture. Education and science. Worldview. Literature. Theatre. Medieval painting. Architecture. Gothic art. Sculpture)
Renaissance culture (Features of Renaissance culture. Science, literature and social thought. Painting. The largest painters of the Northern Renaissance. Architecture and sculpture)
Modern culture (Features of modern culture. Science and technology. Human spiritual life. Literature. Social thought. Music. Fashion. Painting, architecture and sculpture)
XX century culture (General characteristics of culture. Education and science. Museums. Cinema. Painting. Architecture. Sculpture)

LECTURE No. 14. Culture of Russia 1991-2003

1. General characteristics of the period

The culture of the period under study is characterized by the following features:

1) a wide variety of styles, genres and trends;

2) the state ceases to dictate the canons, style and subjects in art;

3) restrictions in science and teaching are removed;

4) new myths are born in culture;

5) culture is losing its main customer, and its funding is sharply reduced;

6) mass art comes to the fore;

7) in the 1990s. there was a return of a number of names - the Russians learned about such layers of culture as the culture of the Silver Age (the work of the poets O. E. Mandelstam, A. A. Akhmatova, M. N. Tsvetaeva, N. S. Gumilyov, etc.) and the Russian Diaspora ( V. D. Nabokov, M. A. Allanov and others)

2. Education and science

Science and education found themselves in difficult conditions. Interestingly, the main place in state policy is given to secondary education. It is regulated by the law on education, adopted in 1992. At the same time, the content of education has changed qualitatively: it has become person-oriented and correlated with world standards.

Secondary and higher schools are experiencing difficulties due to a lack of material resources, a decrease in the level of teaching, and the unwillingness of power structures and political leaders to provide normal funding. The unpreparedness of the majority of educational institutions to operate in a market economy, to earn money on their own, also had an effect.

But higher education is now in great demand and is actively developing: universities are opening, new promising specialties are emerging. Thus, by the middle of 2001, there were about 600 state and 250 non-state universities in Russia. A characteristic feature is the paid - commercial - form of education.

As for science, post-Soviet science adapted extremely poorly to a market economy. commonplace in the 1990s. became the so-called "brain drain" abroad - many scientists have chosen better working conditions. Nevertheless, a large number of scientists remained in Russia, they work and achieve good results with modest funding. Priority in funding is given to scientists working in the natural sciences (fundamental and applied industries). Funds-sponsors play an important role (domestic - for example, the Potanin Foundation, foreign - the Ford Foundation, the Soros Foundation).

Scientists in the humanities, who have received the opportunity to freely communicate with foreign colleagues, today are not shackled by the former ideological uniformity. They more objectively reveal the history of the Fatherland, its culture and contribution to the development of world civilization.

3. Literature, cinema, theater. mass media

Literature continues to evolve. New names appear:

1) A. S. Petrushevskaya (new style - "gray on gray");

2) V. G. Sorokin (naturalism);

3) V. O. Pelevin (modernism);

4) B. Sh. Akunin (detective genre).

The Russian reader discovers and rereads the masterpieces of world literature - the works of G. G. Marquez, P. Coelho and others.

In the late 1990s domestic cinema begins to develop. The paintings of N. S. Mikhalkov and S. V. Bodrov compare favorably. As for the actors, many of them work on television, in the theater. Theatrical art is in great demand today. Musicals are popular. The theater of O. Tabakov "Snuffbox" is world famous. New theaters are constantly opening (there are more than 200 in Moscow alone), art exhibitions, music festivals, etc. are being held. Circus art is developing.

In a different situation are archives and museums, which, in order to survive, provide paid services to the population and legal entities (for example, rent out premises for presentations and exhibitions). Among the museums, the St. Petersburg Wax Museum is especially popular. In general, the lack of funds deprives libraries of the opportunity to increase their funds, museums to replenish their collections, publishing houses to publish serious literature, etc.

Russian show business is actively developing, trying to get as close as possible to American and European standards.

A real boom in the 1990s. survived the media - there are many new newspapers, magazines, TV channels. A special place among them is occupied by the channel "Culture", which introduces the phenomena and events of Russian and world culture. The lack of advertising is one of the advantages of this channel.

The ways of broadcasting culture are changing globally - the Internet has appeared and has become a massive worldwide network.

4. Painting, architecture and sculpture

Russian painting and sculpture find themselves in difficult conditions today. The official portrait painter of the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin, Nikas Safronov, made a large number of portraits of the President, as well as figures of world culture (for example, the portrait of Sophia Loren, stylized as "Gioconda" by L. da Vinci). The portrait painter A. M. Shilov ("Dance with Cupid") is actively working. Widely known among artists is V. Vysotsky's friend, who lives in America, M. M. Shemyakin (a series of paintings "Masquerade", scenes from the life of the XNUMXth century).

The sculptural works and projects of Zurab Tsereteli, including the monument to Peter the Great (2002), are popular all over the world.

There is an upswing in the construction industry. But the construction of residential buildings according to individual projects, as well as multi-apartment residential buildings according to design non-standard projects, comes to the fore.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

<< Back: Soviet culture 1950-1980s (Features of the culture of the period under study. Education and science. Literature. Social thought. Standard of living. Painting. In the circles of the creative intelligentsia. Architecture and sculpture)

>> Forward: The culture of the primitive era (General characteristics of the period. Material culture. The emergence of art. Mythology. Fine arts. The emergence of writing. Further development of abstract thinking, accumulation of rational knowledge)

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