|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Culture of India (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 17. Culture of India 1. Features of Indian culture India is one of the oldest countries in the world that laid the foundations of the global civilization of mankind. The achievements of Indian culture and science had a significant impact on the Arab and Iranian peoples, as well as on Europe. The heyday of Hindu culture falls on the Middle Ages. 2. Literature. The science. Religion Indian literature has about 40 centuries of existence. It is so heterogeneous and was created in so many languages that it is extremely difficult to describe it. The most ancient is the Vedic literature. For a long time the Vedas had the character of oral art. Epic literature appears in the first half of the XNUMXst millennium BC. e. The most ancient epic work is the Mahabharata (Great India). No less famous is another epic - "Ramayana" ("Wanderings of Rama"). A prominent representative of Bengali literature is Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) - poet and writer, musician and artist. The pinnacle of recognition of Tagore's poetic work was the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1913 for his collection of poems A Handful of Songs. One of Tagore's patriotic songs "The Soul of the People" became the national anthem of India. Indian science has made great strides. Ancient Indian scientists developed the decimal system of counting and introduced the concept of zero. With minor errors, they determined the distance from the Earth to the Moon and the Sun, calculated the radius of the Earth, and made many astronomical and scientific discoveries. Already at the time of Indian civilization (XNUMXrd millennium BC), they planned cities, built monumental structures, knew writing, used a system of measures and weights. All the major religions of the world are represented in India: 1) Hinduism; 2) Islam; 3) Christianity; 4) Buddhism; 5) Judaism; 6) Zoroastrianism. India also has its own (national) religions, such as Jainism and Sikhism. Hinduism is the most widespread in the country, which is practiced by more than 80% of the population. It is followed by Islam (about 12%), then - Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, etc. The peaceful coexistence of different religions in India has created a unique atmosphere of identity in the culture of this country. The religious views of the Indians on the world are vividly and succinctly expressed in their fine arts. 3. Music. Dance. Theatre. Movie The classical music of India has its own specifics. There is no European harmony in it. Indian religious music has never been written down. This is what determines the boundlessness, which provides the performer with a unique opportunity to improvise. Classical Indian music is performed on Indian national instruments. These primarily include wines and sitars, as well as a large number of different drums. Indian classical dance has its roots in ancient times. It is filled with specific content. Each movement of the legs, arms, eyes, eyebrows and other parts of the body has its own meaning, so Indian dance can be read, and it is often accompanied by dance recitative. Indian theater is one of the oldest theaters in the world: its theory and practice were developed around the XNUMXnd century BC. BC e. Indian cinema is a unique phenomenon that has no analogues in world cinema. Indian cinema is original. It is a natural continuation of the musical-dance drama and requires special training of actors who can professionally dance and sing. It is always national: the action of any film is always connected with India and its people. 4. Painting One of the most brilliant pages in the history of the development of Indian culture is painting. Painting as a direction of art took shape in the process of illustrating the Hindu teachings. These are primarily illustrations for legends. Especially many illustrations are dedicated to the folk deity - Krishna, one of the incarnations of the god Vishnu. In Indian miniatures, there is almost always a contrast between a multi-colored foreground and a simple one-color (red or blue) background. The artistic thought of the Indians depicted mythological creatures. Each of them was preserved and dissolved in the other, as a result of which a completely new unprecedented creature arose, whimsically combining the elements of its progenitors. Such is Hanuman (half-man and half-monkey). Another of the most important characters is Ganesha. He is depicted with a human body and an elephant head. The originality of Indian art lies in the originality of thinking - religious and artistic. 5. Architecture The architecture of ancient India was predominantly wooden and has not been preserved. Destroying many ancient Hindu and Jain temples, the padishahs of the Mughal dynasty (XVI century) erected mosques, madrasas, mausoleums and fortresses, many of which are masterpieces of world culture to this day. The next fateful stage was the beginning of the 200th century. colonization of India by Great Britain, which ended with the complete enslavement of the country. During more than 1950 years of British domination, many European cultural and political traditions were introduced into Indian life, which largely define the face of today's India. Only in January XNUMX, India was proclaimed a Republic and finally gained freedom. Indian religions created in art a unique atmosphere of movement, incompleteness. A vivid example of the classical embodiment in art of the contradictory interaction between the finite and the infinite, the material and the spiritual, with the clear dominance of the infinite and the spiritual, is a sample of a cult Buddhist structure - a stupa. All its components are imbued with this principle, ranging from a square base design to a hemispherical top. "Umbrellas" at the end of the pole, the steps of ascent to nirvana, are also considered symbols of power. The stupa was decorated with reliefs and sculptures of Buddha, scenes from the lives of saints. One of the oldest surviving stupas built during the Mauryan Empire is the Sanchi Stupa (III-II centuries BC). 6. Sculpture Architectural and sculptural relief in ancient India was characterized by attention to detail. To make the image clearer and more understandable, the artist neglected perspective. It is interesting that the sculpture is most often semicircular, that is, it does not have a back or grows back into the wall. Occasionally found in India and round sculpture. Back in the XNUMXst century BC e. cave temples began to be carved into the rocks. These are Buddhist temples - chaityas. In early Buddhist art, the figure of the Buddha himself is almost never found. Its image is replaced depending on the content of the depicted lotus flower, then the sacred tree behind the fence, then the wheel with spokes, then the stupa, then the feet (footprints of the Buddha). Only after the Buddhist teaching became widespread among the people and the sacred path of the Buddha became well known to everyone, it became possible to depict him in a human form. 29th-XNUMXth centuries were the heyday of the ancient art of India. At this time, the north of India was united into the powerful state of the Guptas. Remarkable examples of paintings from this period have been preserved in Buddhist cave temples and monasteries in Ajanta. XNUMX caves were created there, the walls, ceilings and columns of which are painted with scenes from Buddhist traditions and legends and decorated with sculpture and carvings. Later, a type of temple in the form of a tower appears. These temples had an elongated oval shape, on their top there was an umbrella in the form of a lotus or a rectangular pyramid. The main crowd of believers made a detour of the temple from the outside. In the courtyard of the temples, as well as on the walls, there were sculptures. When the famous Russian traveler, Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin in the XNUMXth century. visited India, he saw there the sanctuaries of another religion widespread in this country - Islam: these were mosques, as well as mausoleums, which were not in ancient India. This new Indo-Muslim architecture enriched Indian art and made it even more diverse in form and content. However, the Muslim conquest dealt a severe blow to the development of Hindu architecture. Many magnificent Hindu temples were destroyed, and no new significant buildings were erected. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Chinese culture (Features of Chinese culture. Education and science. Religion. National holidays. Literature. Chinese fiction of the 1920-30s. Theater. Music. Dance. Ballet. Cinema. Painting. Architecture. Decorative and applied arts) >> Forward: Culture of Ancient Egypt (Periodization and general characteristics of the culture of Ancient Egypt. Religion. Education and science. Literature. Music, painting. Architecture. Sculpture)
▪ Anesthesiology and resuscitation. Lecture notes ▪ Theory of accounting. Lecture notes
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024 Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024 Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
▪ Maternal laughter and child health ▪ Implanted electronic chips instead of regular passwords ▪ Ultrabook hybrid Toshiba Portege Z10T
▪ section of the website Residual current devices. Selection of articles ▪ article stumbling block. Popular expression ▪ article A simple bayonet with two hoses. Travel Tips ▪ article Broadband matched load. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page