LECTURE No. 23. Culture of the Renaissance

1. Features of the culture of the Renaissance

Renaissance (French renaissance - "renaissance") is a phenomenon of cultural development in a number of countries of Central and Western Europe. Chronologically, the Renaissance covers the period of the XIV-XVI centuries. At the same time, until the end of the XV century. The Renaissance remained largely an Italian phenomenon.

The term "Renaissance" was first introduced in the XNUMXth century. famous Italian artist, architect and art historian Giorgio Vasari. The Renaissance is an era of great economic and social transformations in the life of many European states, an era of humanism and enlightenment.

During this historical period, in various areas of the life of human society, favorable conditions arise for an unprecedented rise in culture. The development of science and technology, the great geographic discoveries, the shifting of trade routes and the emergence of new trade and industrial centers significantly expanded and changed man's understanding of the world around him. Ideas about the person himself are changing. The most important feature of the Renaissance worldview was individualism. Another characteristic feature of the new worldview was the awakening of national self-consciousness. People have a feeling of patriotism, the concept of the fatherland is formed.

Another interesting feature: the phenomenon of the Northern Renaissance in the countries of Central and Northern Europe. In the Netherlands, the Middle Ages still influenced the way of life of people, so the urban culture of the Netherlands gave a different kind of Renaissance. A characteristic feature of the North was the deepening of culture into the inner world of man. The masters were attracted by the psychological depth and personal characteristics of a person.

2. Science, literature and social thought

During the Renaissance, great discoveries were made in:

1) astronomy (N. Copernicus, J. Bruno, I. Kepler, G. Galileo);

2) medicine (F. Paracelsus and others);

3) mathematics (J. Cardano and others);

4) geography;

5) geology;

6) zoology;

7) botany, etc.

Works on history appeared (Bruni, Machiavelli, and others). In the Renaissance, languages ​​are finally formed:

1) Italian;

2) French;

3) English;

4) German.

There is literature in these languages, Latin in the XNUMXth century. gradually ceases to be a living language.

Invention by I. Gutenberg in the middle of the XNUMXth century. printing, the appearance of newspapers made it possible for more people to get in touch with the printed word.

The nature and content of the new era was expressed in many ways by fiction. The first sprouts of humanistic ideology found their expression in the work of Dante.

Major writers of the Italian Renaissance:

1) Dante Alighieri (1265-1321);

2) Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375);

3) Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374).

By the nature of creativity, themes, genres, all these authors are completely different. In the history of world literature, each of these names is associated with a specific work: Dante - with the Divine Comedy, Boccaccio - with the Decameron, Petrarch - with poems dedicated to Laura.

A prominent writer of the Renaissance was Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) - a politician of the late Renaissance. The largest figure of the European Renaissance was Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536) - writer, philologist, philosopher, theologian, author of works on pedagogy, translator from Greek and Latin. The most vividly advanced ideas of the French Renaissance were embodied in the works of Rabelais, Ronsard and other writers who attached great importance to literature and art in the affirmation of humanistic ideals.

The work of outstanding Spanish humanists of the era, such as M. Cervantes (1547-1616), Lope de Bega (1562-1635) and others, was characterized by a deep national-historical content, patriotism, and a high appreciation of human dignity. England also saw the greatest upsurge of literary creativity. Suffice it to mention the name of the brilliant playwright and poet W. Shakespeare (1564-1616).

Already during the High Renaissance, European literature was in decline. Great humanistic ideas, realism and democracy began to perish under the onslaught of the Reformation, which opposed the "paganism" of the culture of the Renaissance.

3. Painting

The brightest page of the Italian Renaissance was the fine arts, especially painting and sculpture. The average level of Italian art of this era was very high.

In the art of the Italian Renaissance, wall painting dominated. It was carried out in the fresco technique - they painted on wet plaster with paints (Italian fresco - "fresh").

Proto-Renaissance (XIII - early XIV centuries) - the threshold of the Renaissance - gave the world Giotto da Bondone (1266 / 76-1337) - the founder of European painting, the founder of realism.

The early Renaissance (end of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries) was represented by a galaxy of brilliant artists:

1) Masaccio (1401-1426);

2) Donatello (1386-1466);

3) Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510) and dozens of other outstanding artists, whose paintings adorn the museums of the world.

Late XNUMXth and early XNUMXth centuries called the High Renaissance. Characteristic features of the realism of the Italian Renaissance:

1) classical clarity;

2) the humanity of the images;

3) their plastic strength;

4) harmonic expressiveness.

The High Renaissance illuminates the work of two great titans, brilliant artists - Leonardo da Vinci and Rafael Santi. The greatest Renaissance painter was Titian Vecellio (1476/77-1576). Titian's brushes belong to creations on mythological and Christian subjects, works in the portrait genre. His paintings: "Reclining Venus", "Danae", "Venus in front of a mirror", "Penitent Mary Magdalene", "St. Sebastian", "Pieta".

4. Major painters of the Northern Renaissance

The major painters of the Northern Renaissance of this era were:

1) Jan van Eyck;

2) Hieronymus Bosch;

3) Pieter Brueghel the Elder.

The most prominent representatives of the fine arts of Germany were:

1) Albrecht Durer;

2) Lucas Cranach senior;

3) Hans Holbein Jr.

French artists of this period are inferior in the brilliance of skill to their Dutch and German counterparts, but their works have their own characteristics. The largest French painter of the XV century. was Jean Fouquet (c. 1420-1477/1481). He worked in all types of painting:

1) in a portrait;

2) in miniature;

3) in easel painting.

The most striking and original figure of the Spanish Renaissance is El Greco (1541-1616). The image of a man by the Spanish artist is endowed with spirituality. Religious, mythological, genre paintings, portraits, landscapes combine unusual techniques of the artist's visual language. Coloring is based on the technique of contrasting bright colors. The heroes of El Greco have unnaturally elongated figures, elongated pale faces, convulsive gestures, the scale of figures and objects is often changed.

At the end of the Renaissance, a new trend emerged in the visual arts - mannerism (Italian manierismo - "pretentiousness"), characterized by intense images, sophisticated form, and complicated solutions. Mannerism is spreading in all kinds of art and becomes a harbinger of a new style - baroque.

5. Architecture and sculpture

5. Architecture occupies one of the leading places in the artistic culture of the Renaissance. Characteristic features of architecture during this period are:

1) an increase in the scale of civil, secular construction;

2) a change in the nature of monumental, cult architecture - striving for breadth.

Renaissance architecture is different:

1) simplicity of volumes, forms and rhythm;

2) calm and static;

3) the symmetry of the composition;

4) dividing the building into floors by horizontal rods;

5) a clear order of placement of window openings and architectural details.

The new era inscribed great names in the world history of architecture:

1) F. Brunelleschi;

2) L. Alberti;

3) D. Bramante;

4) Michelangelo Buonarotti;

5) F. Delorme and others.

In the development of Renaissance architecture, an important place belongs to the construction of palace architecture - the palazzo.

In France, the Renaissance in architecture can be divided into two phases:

1) the first - the early period (1500-1540) - the castles of the king and the French nobility: Chambord, Blois, Chateaubriand, etc.;

2) the second - mature (1540-1570). The most significant building of this period is the royal palace of the Louvre, created by the architect P. Lesko (1515-1578).

In Spain, Renaissance architecture spans the entire XNUMXth century. The largest work is the royal castle of Escorial (author - Herrera).

Sculpture flourished. Donatello and Michelangelo Buonarroti became outstanding masters in this area.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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