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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Culture of the Great Patriotic War (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 12. Culture of the era of the Great Patriotic War 1. General characteristics of the era The conditions in which culture developed during the Great Patriotic War were very difficult. Everything was missing: paper, paints, marble, fabrics, building materials. The entire industry was urgently transferred to a military footing, buildings and cities were destroyed. The patriotic beginning in art was very strong. Many cultural figures carried out an important mission during the war years: their works created a favorable background in the allied countries for supporting the USSR in the fight against fascism. 2. Education and science A necessary condition for the successful development of the national economy of the country was the continuous training of new personnel in universities and technical schools. In 1941, admission to universities was halved, and their number decreased, the number of students decreased by 3,5 times, and the terms of study were reduced to 3 years. However, by the end of the war, the number of students approached the pre-war level. An important role was played by the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (headed by V.P. Potemkin, founded in 1943). The war changed the peaceful orientation of scientific work. On June 23, 1941, at an emergency meeting, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences called on scientists to mobilize all forces to fight the Nazi invaders. The war years became a time of bold and original technical solutions. In the first months of the Great Patriotic War, many research institutes were forced to evacuate to the east. During the evacuation, they retained their research teams. The presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences, evacuated to Sverdlovsk, remained the organizing core of the country's scientists. The research topics were focused on the following areas: 1) development of military-technical problems; 2) scientific assistance to industry; 3) Mobilization of raw materials. Bauxite deposits in the Southern Urals, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, manganese deposits in Kazakhstan, large oil reserves in Tataria were discovered and developed in the shortest possible time. Thanks to the geologists A. E. Fersman, V. A. Obruchev and others, new iron ore deposits were explored in the Kuzbass, new sources of oil in Bashkiria. Great strides have also been made in the fields of biology, agriculture and medicine. Soviet scientists found new vegetable raw materials for industry, looked for ways to increase the yield of food and industrial crops. Major problems were solved by medical scientists. But many remarkable scientists continued to languish in the prisons and camps of the Gulag. During the war years, N. I. Vavilov, P. A. Florensky and others died there. Since 1943, a laboratory under the direction of I. V. Kurchatov began to operate in Moscow, which began to develop the fission of uranium. And by the end of the war, S. P. Korolev and Yu. B. Khariton, released from the camp, began laying the foundations for the development of rocket technology. The contribution of mathematicians was also significant: 1) P. S. Aleksandrova; 2) I. M. Vinogradova. Physicists A.F. Ioffe, S.I. Vavilov, P.L. Kapitsa, chemists N.D. Zelinsky, A.E. Favorsky actively worked for the defense. The scientist A.P. Alexandrov successfully solved the problem of mine protection of ships. During the war years, the creators of the remarkable Soviet military equipment and weapons worked fruitfully. In the course of the armed struggle, there was a continuous qualitative improvement of artillery systems and aircraft (authors V. G. Grabin, I. I. Ivanov, F. F. Petrov, B. I. Shavyrin and others). Successes in the production of small arms were achieved with the leading role of designers N. E. Berezina, S. V. Vladimirov, S. G. Simonov, F. V. Tokarev. Soviet scientists managed to reduce the development and implementation of new types of weapons many times over. About half of all types of small arms and the vast majority of new models of artillery systems that were in service with the army in 1945 were created and put into series during the war. Through the efforts of Soviet tank builders, especially the workers and engineers of the Ural "Tankograd", the enemy's advantage in armored vehicles was relatively quickly overcome. By 1943, the preponderance of the saturation of the Soviet Armed Forces with tanks and self-propelled artillery began to grow. A huge merit in their creation belonged to N. A. Astrov, N. L. Dukhov, Zh. Ya. Kotin, M. I. Koshkin, V. V. Krylov and others. Since the second half of 1942, the production of aircraft and aircraft engines has been steadily increasing. The Il-2 attack aircraft became the most massive aircraft of the Soviet Air Force. 3. Literature. Music. Theatre In the spiritual confrontation with the fascist aggressors, our culture played its own special role. A characteristic feature of the development of culture is the deepening of interest in the national classical heritage. And this is no coincidence. Fascism with its division of peoples into "full" and "inferior" was an example of the destruction of the cultural heritage of many peoples. In the days of severe trials, patriotic journalism came to the fore. The authors have largely freed themselves from the stereotypes of the pre-war years, their works have become closer, more understandable to people. Poetry experienced a real upsurge. The most famous poem of the wartime "Wait for me" by K. M. Simonov, the soldiers cut out from newspaper pages, rewrote, passed from hand to hand. A. Tvardovsky's poem about Vasily Terkin became an outstanding work, the main character of which combined the features of many real people and characters of folk tales. A man who thought independently, a man of independent judgments and actions, who felt a deep connection with the history of his people, won the war. The poems of Pushkin and the novels of Tolstoy, Turgenev, the music of Glinka and Tchaikovsky acquired a new meaning. In the most difficult days of the siege of Leningrad, D. Shostakovich created the ingenious Seventh Symphony. Drama and musical theater actors, pop artists also contributed to the common cause of the fight against the enemy. Front-line theaters were very popular with soldiers and commanders. The concert activity of musicians and artists at the fronts and in the rear took on a large scale. The concerts were attended by L. A. Ruslanova, L. O. Utesov, K. I. Shulzhenko and others. The patriotic theme has become a leading one in documentary and feature films. There were about 150 cameramen on the fronts during the war years. 4. Painting and architecture The painting of the war years is significantly different from the pre-war. There were stages in its development. At the beginning of the war - basically fixing what he saw. The plans were not always successful, the paintings lacked depth in the disclosure of the topic, the power of generalization. But there has always been great sincerity, passion, admiration for people, directness and honesty of artistic vision, a desire to be extremely conscientious and accurate. Laconism, simplicity of visual means, but also a certain straightforwardness are characteristic of plot paintings of 1941-1942. A bright spot on a dark background is the figure of a woman in S. Gerasimov's painting "Mother of a Partisan" (1943). The same goal is pursued by A. Deineka in the film "Defense of Sevastopol" (1942). Although the viewer knows that Sevastopol was abandoned by our troops, but these sailors fighting to the death are perceived as winners. The oldest masters V. N. Baksheev, N. Krymov, A. N. Kuprin, I. E. Grabar also worked in the landscape genre during the war years. These years also preserved almost documentary landscapes, which eventually became a historical genre, such as "Parade on Red Square on November 7, 1941." K. F. Yuon (1942), who captured that memorable day for all Soviet people, when the soldiers went straight from the snow-covered square into battle. "Leningrad in the days of blockade and liberation" - this is the name of a series of more than three dozen autolithographs by A.F. Pakhomov (1908-1973), which he began in 1941 and completed after the war. Pakhomov himself survived the blockade, and his drawings are full of tragic feeling and admiration for the courage of his compatriots. The whole world went around his drawing "On the Neva for water", depicting wrapped girls, extracting water from the Neva with their last efforts. First of all, the portrait develops, because the artists sought to convey the heroic character of our man. At first, these were extremely modest portraits, only fixing the features of a wartime man - Belarusian partisans F.A. Modorov and Red Army soldiers V.N., Yakovlev. Later, ceremonial, solemn, sometimes even pathetic images appeared, such as, for example, the portrait of Marshal G.K. Zhukov by P. Korin (1945). P. Konchalovsky worked a lot in the portrait genre during the war years. He creates optimistic, life-loving characters in his usual decorative manner. The portraits of the intelligentsia painted during the war years by M. Saryan are of particular significance, monumentality of the image (academician I. A. Orbeli, 1943; composer A. I. Khachaturyan, 1944; poet M. Lozinsky, 1944; writer M. . Shaginyan, 1944 and others). During the war years, Saryan was also engaged in landscape and still life. It should be noted one special still life, called by him "To the Armenian soldiers, participants in the Patriotic War" (1945), depicting the fruits and flowers of Armenia: as a gift and gratitude to those who fought and conquered, and as a memory of the dead. In 1941-1945. both domestic and landscape genres are developing. A prominent place in the formation of both of them during the war years belongs to A. Plastov. Both genres are combined in his painting "The Fascist Flew" (1942): young birches, gray skies, distant fields familiar to each of us. Against the backdrop of this peaceful autumn landscape, the atrocity of the fascist pilot who killed the shepherd boy seems even more monstrous. Plastov's brushes also belong to very bright, soulful landscapes of our homeland. In the last year of the war, A. Plastov painted a beautiful picture "Harvest" (1945): a serious and tired old man and children dine at the harvested sheaves. B. Nemensky depicted a woman sitting over sleeping soldiers, and called his work "Mother" (1945). In historical painting, images of the heroes of the past appear. In the last years of the war, one of their best paintings was created by the Kukryniksy, turning to the image of antiquity - Sophia of Novgorod as a symbol of the invincibility of the Russian land ("The Flight of the Nazis from Novgorod", 1944-1946). Monumental painting, of course, had few opportunities for development during the war years. But, despite this, the art of "eternal materials", frescoes and mosaics, continued to exist. So, for example, in besieged Leningrad, mosaics for the subway were assembled using Deineka's cardboards. The authors of the most famous posters were cartoonists Moor (D. S. Orlov) and Denis (V. N. Denisov). The heroic poster of the Great Patriotic War adopted the best traditions of the revolutionary poster. In the first days of the war, the famous poster by I. M. Toidze "The Motherland Calls!" appeared on the streets. (1941). If in the initial period of the war the main character of the posters was a fighting Soviet soldier, as, for example, on the poster by A. A. Kokorekin "For the Motherland!" (1942), then with the onset of a turning point in the war in favor of the Soviet Union, tragic plots were replaced by images that inspire confidence in victory. It is difficult to talk about the architecture of this period. There was a lack of labor and materials. The war brought with it devastation, especially in the western regions close to the borders. All construction work during this period was mainly associated with the installation of evacuated equipment, the creation of buildings for the needs of industry. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Russian culture of the 20-30s. XX century (General characteristics of the era. Education and science. Sports. Literature. Social thought. Social life. Cinema. Theater. Painting. Architecture and sculpture) >> Forward: Soviet culture 1950-1980s (Features of the culture of the period under study. Education and science. Literature. Social thought. Standard of living. Painting. In the circles of the creative intelligentsia. Architecture and sculpture)
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