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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Culture of Japan (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 20. Culture of Japan 1. Features of Japanese culture The periodization of Japanese history and art is very difficult to understand. Periods (especially starting from the XNUMXth century) were distinguished by the dynasties of military rulers (shoguns). The traditional art of Japan is very original, its philosophical and aesthetic principles differ from Western ones. Their formation was influenced by the special attitude of the Japanese to the beauty of their native nature, which since ancient times was perceived as a perfection created by God. Worshiping the beauty of nature, the Japanese tried to live in harmony with it and respect its greatness. 2. Literature The Japanese literary tradition is considered one of the most ancient. Early written works date back to the XNUMXth century. Their appearance is associated with the borrowing of Chinese hieroglyphic writing. Japanese literature has long been influenced by Chinese literature. The first written monuments of Japanese literature are collections of Japanese myths and legends about the deeds of gods and legendary heroes. XNUMXth century considered the heyday of court literature (prose and poetry). At this time, such literary genres as the legend and the "diary" were formed. In the period of Kamakura and Muromachi, when the military class and samurai played a leading role in Japanese society, military chronicles gained great fame and popularity. The plots of military chronicles served as the basis for many plays in the style of noh, kabuki and jeruri. The classic genre of Japanese poetry is considered to be poems called "short verse", consisting of 5 lines (31 syllables - distribution along lines 5-7-5-7-7). This is "high" poetry in Japanese, which enjoyed special patronage of the imperial court. At the court, special poetry competitions were organized, the best poems were combined into imperial collections. In the XNUMXth century legends, parables and stories that arose in oral form gained great popularity. Then the author's prose is formed. The main genre for a long time was gesaku - genre entertaining stories, the main content of which was funny stories from the surrounding life. Literature in the genre of gesaku was divided into several areas: 1) "witty stories", the main theme of which was mainly entertaining and often cynical stories, including stories from the life of "fun neighborhoods"; 2) "comic books"; 3) "books of human passions" - sentimental, but very realistic stories about the ladies from the "quarters of pleasure" and their fans. The gesaku style did not survive the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate, in the new Japanese literature of the late XNUMXth and early XNUMXth centuries. there has been a sharp turning point caused by the influence and popularity of Western literature. 3. Religion The aesthetic principles of Japanese art were formed under the influence of three most important religious and philosophical doctrines that determined the traditional worldview of the inhabitants of the Land of the Rising Sun: 1) Shinto; 2) Confucianism; 3) Buddhism. The veneration of nature as a divine principle took shape in the ancient national religion of the Japanese - Shinto. Initially, each clan had its own patron deities; however, the official Shinto pantheon was formed from the patron deities of the ascendant Yamato clan. In honor of the Shinto deities, numerous temples were built, located, as a rule, in forest thickets and in the mountains. Each temple was surrounded by a garden with a small pond and mossy stones; the temple was surrounded by sacred gates, and the road to it was decorated with numerous stone lanterns. Confucianism, like Buddhism, came to Japan from China. Confucianism is usually understood as the traditional ancient Chinese religious and philosophical doctrine, which elevated ethical principles to the category of universal laws. According to Confucian canons, the governing principle of the universe is the sky. The plenipotentiary representative of Heaven on earth is the emperor, on whose righteousness the welfare of the state depends. Citizens are required to honor the emperor, strictly observe laws and rituals, and observe moral principles. The ideal person, from the Confucian point of view, is an enlightened and noble husband, who cares about the interests of his state and is devoted to his emperor. Buddhism played an important role in the development of traditional Japanese art. At the heart of Buddhist philosophy is the idea that the so-called real world (samsara) is in fact a human illusion that appeared due to a misunderstanding of the essence of things. This leads to a chain of multiple rebirths, each of which represents torment and suffering. Buddhist philosophy also states that a person can, through the right efforts, be freed from these sufferings and get out of the cycle of samsara. Zen Buddhism and related arts are a special topic. Zen Buddhism began to take hold in Japan in the XNUMXth century, and the founder of the Ashikaga shogunate (Muromachi) took Zen Buddhism under his patronage. According to Zen concepts, the state of enlightenment (satori) is achieved through direct experience - meditation, spiritual practice and communication with spiritual teachers. Zen Buddhism was especially close to the samurai class. Zen ideas inspired such arts as: 1) theater but; 2) the art of decorating flowers (ikebana); 3) tea ceremony, architecture. Traditional Japanese aesthetics, combining Shinto, Confucian and Buddhist ideals, has developed specific principles, the understanding of which is the key to Japanese art. The most important of these principles are: 1) furyuu (exalted taste, education and development of the mind, especially this principle applied to landscape painting, garden art, architecture, tea ceremony and flower decoration); 2) mono-but aware; 3) wabi; 4) sabi; 5) yugen. The tradition of Japanese performing arts has 5 main theatrical genres: 1) bugaku; 2) but; 3) kegen; 4) bunraku; 5) kabuki. All of these five traditions still exist today. Despite significant differences, they are united by common aesthetic principles that underlie Japanese traditional art. 4. Theater A special aesthetic function is performed in the theater by the magnificent, luxurious attire of the actors; masks that express the subtlest shades of human feelings with deep psychologism. In dramas, the main emphasis was on psychological images. The comprehension of the acting skills of the theater began from early childhood and improved throughout life. Theater but also from the audience required training and education. The repertoire is very varied; Currently, about 240 plays of various content are known. It is noteworthy that in classical theatre, all roles, including women's, are performed only by men. The tradition of kabuki theater is tied to urban culture. Kabuki was a favorite spectacle of city dwellers of all strata and levels of wealth and suited the tastes of this public. The emergence of kabuki theater dates back to the very beginning of the 1629th century. Both the appearance and the demeanor of the troupe shocked the audience, so the dances they performed were called kabuku, which means "to deviate", "shock". Initially, the kabuki theater was predominantly female, but the government, dissatisfied with the frivolous behavior of the actresses, in 1652 banned the participation of women in the theater. Young men began to replace women in kabuki, but since XNUMX, the shogunate banned male kabuki for the same reasons. Since then, only adult males have been allowed to participate in kabuki theatrical productions, and performances have become subject to strict censorship. In parallel with the tradition of kabuki, the tradition of Japanese puppet theater, jeruri, also developed. Each doll, which is approximately 1/2 to 2/3 of a person's height, is controlled by 3 people at once; dolls have movable eyes, eyelids, eyebrows, mouth, arms and legs. The puppeteers are dressed in black clothes, two assistants even have black caps on their faces. The reciter not only reads the text, but also "voices" all the puppets at once. 5. Painting The religious currents of Japan influenced the development of Japanese art. The legendary history of Japan, the exploits of gods and heroes have become the plot basis for many works of Japanese fine art. An idealized natural landscape served as an expression of Confucian aesthetic principles in painting, causing the viewer to strive for perfection and impeccability. Zen ideas also inspired art, including monochrome ink painting on paper. Buddhist painting became widespread, focusing on the canonical images of the Buddhist pantheon. The objects of Buddhist art include calligraphic inscriptions. Traditional Japanese painting is characterized by a wide variety of styles, forms and techniques. Picturesque works could have the form of hanging scrolls, scrolls of a horizontal format, unfolding as they are viewed, could be in the form of separate album sheets, they adorned fans, screens, walls. The basis of all styles of painting are two main directions: 1) continental (coming from China); 2) Japanese. Until about the XNUMXth century in Japanese painting dominated by the Chinese direction. In the Middle Ages, the namban direction was popular - literally "southern barbarian" - as the Japanese called Europeans. Namban artists imitated Western painting. From the beginning of the XVIII century. in Japan, the bundzing style, literally "enlightened painting" ("Japanese Impressionism"), comes into fashion. This genre influenced the artist Katsushika Hokusai. Ukiyo-e is one of the most popular styles of Japanese art. It appeared in the 1st half of the 2th century, and in the XNUMXnd half of the XNUMXth century. fell into disrepair. Usually, ukiyo-e is understood as popular and widespread genre works - painting and, in particular, engraving. The term ukiyo-e means "the world of sorrow" - this is how the world of samsara is called. In the XNUMXth century these ideas have been somewhat rethought. The world of transient pleasures also began to be called ukiyo-e, only it was written with a different hieroglyph with the same sound, literally meaning "floating past." The ukiyo-e artists focused on the inhabitants of this fickle world of fleeting pleasures: 1) beautiful ladies; 2) famous geishas and courtesans; 3) kabuki theater actors; 4) erotic scenes; 5) holidays and fireworks; 6) flowers and birds. Late 1753th-early 1806th centuries considered the golden age of ukiyo-e. During these years, such masters as Kitagawa Utamaro (XNUMX-XNUMX), and others worked. In the first thirty years of the XNUMXth century. one of ukiyo-e's favorite subjects is the landscape. Katsushiku Hokusai is considered the unsurpassed master of Japanese landscape engraving. It should also be noted that in Japan, ukiyo-e has long been considered a "low" genre, so a huge number of works have been lost. It is noteworthy that foreigners helped the Japanese themselves to look at ukiyo-e as full-fledged works of art. Ukiyo-e aesthetics had a huge impact on the development of impressionism, especially on artists such as E. Degas, C. Monet, and especially on W. Van Gogh. 6. Architecture, sculpture. Arts and Crafts Japan since the XNUMXth century built Buddhist temples. Open for viewing, they served as a decoration of the area; their high multi-tiered roofs organically fit into the relief, harmoniously blending with the surrounding landscape. The structure of the actual temple complex usually included pagodas, a bell tower, a sermon hall, a library (repository of manuscripts), a meditation hall, a dwelling room for monks and a refectory. Grandiose castles with high towers, decorated with multi-tiered roofs, became a characteristic feature of Japanese architecture of the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. Large, well-fortified strongholds were the capitals of specific samurai leaders. Castles gradually overgrown with entire cities. Such castles were very different from earlier fortifications, mountain castles on remote mountain peaks. The heart of the castle was the main wooden tower, erected on a stone foundation. Stone walls were built around this tower with adjoining outbuildings and courtyards, and protective ditches were dug. The owner of the castle and his inner circle lived in the main tower, there were several types of towers: 1) single; 2) double; 3) and sometimes 3-4 towers of different sizes towered on one platform. Each castle had, as a rule, several gates. For the needs of the defense of the castle, a whole system of ditches, trenches, canals, ponds, water gates and secret water pipes was used, supplying the castle with water from underground sources. In some courtyards, traditional gardens could be laid out. Strictly thought-out composition of small Japanese gardens, miniature models of the Universe set the hosts for rest and reflection in their solitude. Household items in Japan played the role of ritual attributes. Masters sought to give them an impeccable appearance. For example, many bowls for the tea ceremony were valued unusually highly for "the seal of otherworldly beauty", containing the whole universe. The same fully applies to many other works of art: 1) netsuke figurines; 2) inro boxes; 3) lacquer products; 4) an elegant short-sleeve kimono with an exquisite and whimsical decor; 5) screens; 6) fans; 7) lanterns; 8) traditional Japanese weapons. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Antique culture (Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome) (Features of ancient culture. Religion. Theater. Music. Enlightenment. Science. Literature. Painting. Architecture. Sculpture. Vase painting) >> Forward: Arab culture (Features of the culture of Arab countries. Religion. Islam. Life and customs of Muslims. Sharia. Science. Literature. Arabic language. Fine arts and calligraphy. Architecture of Islam)
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