LECTURE No. 24. Culture of the Modern Era

1. Features of the culture of the New Age

Since the beginning of the XIX century. there is a sharp change in the human environment - the urban lifestyle begins to prevail over the rural. In the XNUMXth century a turbulent process begins. The mindset of a person is changing.

2. Science and technology

The transition from manufactory to factory production, the invention of the steam engine revolutionized the industry. Making machines required more and more metal. Iron ore was now smelted not on charcoal, but on coal. To speed up melting, hot air was injected into the furnace. The English engineer Bessemer invented a rotary furnace for smelting - a converter. Machine-building factories were equipped with a variety of machine tools. The chemical industry appeared, producing:

1) sulfuric acid;

2) soda;

3) dyes, etc.

In 1846, Howe invented the first sewing machine, improved in 1851 by Singer. The printing industry developed. They learned how to make cheap grades of paper from wood pulp. The advent of mechanical machines made it possible to put printing production on stream. There was a revolution in the means of transport and communication. In the XVIII century. stagecoaches traveled from city to city - multi-seat closed carriages drawn by horses. In the 1825th century railway transport is included in people's lives. The first railway was built by George Stephenson in England in 17. Locomotives improved, the speed of movement increased, the American Westinghouse invented brakes driven by compressed air. Steam engines also appeared in the navy. On August 1807, 1819, a "test trip" was scheduled for Fulton's steamship Clermont. Sea navigation ceased to depend on the wind. The steamer, which crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 26, spent 70 days on the road (Christopher Columbus crossed it in XNUMX days).

In 1803-1804. American engineer Evans rolled the first steam car through the streets of Philadelphia. In 1803, there were already 26 steam cars in London, and in all of England their number reached 100. The emergence of new modes of transport made it necessary to improve roads. In the construction of highways, steam road rollers were successfully used.

Steam engines have found their application in agriculture. In the 40s. 1870th century in England, easily moving cars appeared on the fields - locomobiles. Threshers worked on the energy generated by their engines. By XNUMX, there were already steam plows in England.

The rapid development of maritime transport and trade caused the construction of canals. The largest of them was the Suez Canal, which was built in 1859 by the Frenchman F. Lesseps.

The telegraph apparatus created in the USA by the inventor Morse became widespread. In 1826 The first railway suspension bridge was built. In 1783, the Montgolfier brothers (France) created a flying machine that was lighter than the air it displaced. At the beginning of the XIX century. the bicycle was invented. Its prototype was an ordinary scooter. The Frenchman Dinet slightly changed the model and called his car a bicycle, i.e. "fast-footed". The practical application of "running cars" was found in England - rural postmen delivered correspondence to them. There were other innovations in human life as well. Migration of the population increased the volume of correspondence. The Englishman R. Hill simplified the process of sending correspondence - he introduced a single tariff for postage, regardless of distance. He also introduced the first postage stamps, which were glued to the envelope.

3. Spiritual life of a person

With the development of civilization, the spiritual life of a person changed, interest in the history of one's family, a kind, increased. But only rich people could order picturesque portraits. At this time, a photograph appears. In 1839, Louis Daguerre, a Parisian artist and physicist, created the first method of photography.

Technological progress has made significant changes in military equipment. Firearms were widely used. In 1803, the English General X. Shrapnel created a type of explosive projectile, which received the same name "shrapnel". In 1862, the Swede Alfred Nobel set up the production of dynamite.

One of the features of industrial civilization was a sharp increase in human interest in the world around us. The foundation for a powerful upsurge of science at the beginning of modern times was laid by two great scientists - the Englishman I. Newton (1642-1727) and the German G. Leibniz (1646-1716). A revolution in science was made by the book of the English scientist Charles Darwin (1809-1882) on the origin of man. The method of long-term storage of products was invented by L. Pasteur (pasteurization).

4. Literature. public thought. Music. Fashion

Man has ceased to be the measure of all things, as it was in the Age of Enlightenment. The movement for gender equality was actively developing. The influence of religion on man has weakened.

In an effort to spread Catholicism, the church begins missionary activities in Europe, sends its representatives to distant countries to preach Christianity among pagan peoples. The main focus of missionary activity was directed to:

1) Africa;

2) East Indies;

3) Western Asia;

4) America.

Revolutions in Western Europe and America contributed to the design in the XIX century. main ideological directions:

1) conservatism;

2) liberalism;

3) socialism.

The great French bourgeois revolution ended the Age of Enlightenment. Writers, artists, musicians, poets witnessed grandiose historical events, revolutionary upheavals. Many of them enthusiastically welcomed the changes, admired the proclamation of the ideas of Equality, Brotherhood, Freedom. But the time has come for disappointment. Tragic notes of doubt about the possibility of transforming the world on the principles of reason sounded in philosophy and art. Attempts to get away from reality and at the same time comprehend it caused the emergence of a new worldview system - romanticism.

In the 30s. XNUMXth century serious changes in society will create conditions for the emergence of another creative direction - critical realism.

Romanticism brought to art not only new themes and new heroes, musical forms also change. Talented composers gained worldwide fame: the Austrian F. Schubert (1797-1828), the Pole F. Chopin (1810-1849). Romantic musical traditions were further developed in the work of Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901): the operas Don Carlos, La Traviata, Aida, Rigoletto brought him worldwide fame.

Fashion has also changed. The Great French Revolution seriously influenced it. Elegant France began to wear wooden clogs and braces. In 1792, the red cap became the symbol of the Jacobins. Dresses were sewn from light fabrics, in cut they resembled a shirt extended downwards with a large neckline and short sleeves. In the middle of the XIX century. women's fashion includes crinolines (a gathered wedge-shaped skirt, the shape of which was supported by thin steel hoops).

5. Painting, architecture and sculpture

In the visual arts, the ideas of romanticism and critical realism are spreading. In the heavy atmosphere of Spain at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. the work of Francisco Goya (1746-1828) was formed. Theodore Gericault (1791-1824), Eugene Delacroix and Honore Daumier (1808-1879) showed interest in the inner world of a person, his experiences.

Realistic traditions in the visual arts are strongly associated with the name of Gustave Courbet (1819-1877).

There have been changes in urban planning, construction equipment - metal, glass, concrete are widely used. The houses are getting taller, the streets are straighter and wider. For heating houses, fireplaces are used - stoves with a wide mouth and a straight pipe. The fireplaces were heated with coal or wood. At the end of the XVIII century. an oil lamp with glass came into everyday life, which from the middle of the 50th century. changed to kerosene. Since the end of the XNUMXs. XNUMXth century gas lighting came into use.

New factories, banks, apartment buildings, railway stations, libraries, exhibition halls are being built. In the middle of the XIX century. in the design of facades and interiors, classical architectural forms of rococo and classicism were often used.

Classicism was developed at the beginning of the century during the period of the Napoleonic Empire. It is characterized by classical architectural forms: columns, pediments. Classical compositions are necessarily symmetrical. In France, classicism was called the "style of the empire", as it is laconic and monumental.

Author: Konstantinova S.V.

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