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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Culture of Arab countries (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 21. Culture of the Arab countries 1. Features of the culture of the Arab countries The geography of the modern Arab world is surprisingly diverse. The Arabian Peninsula was divided between Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman and other states. Iraq became the successor to the civilizations of Mesopotamia; Syria, Lebanon and Jordan occupy the territories of ancient Syria. Egypt inherited the possessions of ancient Egypt along the Nile. On the North African coast of the Mediterranean Sea, which received the name Maghreb (Arab, "west") from medieval Arab geographers, the states of Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco are located. The history and culture of the Arab countries is also closely connected with Iran and Turkey. Arab medieval culture has developed in those countries that have undergone Arabization (adopted Islam), where the classical Arabic language dominated for a long time as the state language. The greatest flourishing of Arab culture fell on the VIII-XI centuries: 1) successfully developed poetry; 2) the famous fairy tales "A Thousand and One Nights" were compiled; translated many works of ancient authors. During this period, the Arabs made a significant contribution to the world mathematical science, the development of medicine, philosophy. They created a kind of architectural monuments. 2. Religion. Islam Islam was the basis of the religious life of the inhabitants of the East. Islam (Arabic, "submission") is the youngest of the world's religions. In the modern world, Islam is the second world religion in terms of the number of followers. It is a monotheistic religion, and in almost all Muslim-majority countries, Islam is the state religion. But Islam is not only a religion. This is a system of relationships between a person and society, which determines the way of life of a Muslim. Islam originated in Arabia in the XNUMXth century and was founded by Muhammad. This religion developed under the influence of Christianity and Judaism. As a result of the Arab conquests, it spread in the Near and Middle East, in some countries of the Far East, Asia and Africa. The ideal form of Islamic statehood is an egalitarian secular theocracy. All believers, regardless of their social status, were equal before the divine law; imam or mullah - the head of the common prayer, which can be led by any Muslim who knows the Koran. Only the Koran has legislative power, while the executive power - religious and secular - belongs to God and is exercised through the caliph. The main directions of Islam: 1) Sunnism; 2) Shiism; 3) Wahhabism. Reformers of the 2nd half of the XNUMXth - early XNUMXth centuries. (for example, al-Afghani) understood the reformation as the cleansing of Islam from distortions and accretions through a return to the early Muslim community. In the XX century. largely as a reaction to the influence of the West, ideologies based on Islamic values (pan-Islamism, fundamentalism) emerge in Muslim countries. 3. Life and customs of Muslims. Sharia The main source of Muslim doctrine is the Koran (Arabic, "reading aloud"). The second source of Muslim doctrine - the Sunnah - examples from the life of Muhammad as an example of solving religious socio-political problems. The Sunnah is made up of hadiths that tell about the statements of Muhammad on a particular issue. Through revelation, signs and names, a person can only partially comprehend the meaning of the divine in the world, and a Muslim is obliged to believe in this. Each religious group in Islam was united in a separate community (ummah). In addition to sermons, prayers, spells, edifying stories and parables, the Koran contains ritual and legal regulations that regulate various aspects of the life of Muslim society. In accordance with these instructions, family, legal, property relations of Muslims are built. The most important part of Islam is Sharia - a set of norms of morality, law, cultural and other principles that regulate the entire public and personal life of a Muslim. The traditional norms of behavior of Eastern society were combined with traditional thinking and mythology, an important part of which was represented by angels and demons, or jinn. Muslims were very afraid of the evil eye, they believed in the immortality of the soul and the afterlife. Great importance in the Arab East was attached to dreams. Divination was also widespread. 4. Science. Literature. Arabic language Ever since the XNUMXth century. how applied sciences to religious disciplines develop: 1) grammar; 2) mathematics; 3) astronomy. Their development took place in the process of close contacts between Muslims and other Eastern cultures: 1) Syrian; 2) Persian; 3) Indian. The main scientific achievements of Arab scientists date back to the Middle Ages. The contribution of the Arabs to mathematical science was significant. Abu-l-Wafa deduced the sine theorem of trigonometry, calculated the table of sines, introduced the concept of secant and cosecant. The poet and scientist Omar Khayyam wrote Algebra. He also dealt successfully with the problem of irrational and real numbers. In 1079 he introduced a calendar more accurate than the modern Gregorian. Arab medieval medicine was glorified by Ibn Sina - Avicenna (980-1037), the author of the encyclopedia of theoretical and clinical medicine. Abu Bakr, a famous Baghdad surgeon, gave a classic description of smallpox and measles, applied vaccinations. Arab philosophy largely developed on the basis of the ancient heritage. Historical thought also developed. If in the VII-VIII centuries. in Arabic, no historical writings proper had yet been written, and there were many legends about Muhammad, the campaigns and conquests of the Arabs, then in the XNUMXth century. major works on history are being compiled. The most famous historian of the XIV-XV centuries. was Ibn Khaldun, the first of the Arab historians who tried to create a theory of history. As the main factor determining the historical process, he singled out the natural conditions of the country. Arabic literature also enjoyed the attention of scholars. At the turn of the VIII-IX centuries. Arabic grammar was compiled, which formed the basis of all subsequent grammars. Arabic writing is regarded as the greatest cultural value. The centers of medieval Arabic science were the cities of Baghdad and Basra. The scientific life of Baghdad was especially lively, where the House of Science was created - a kind of association of the academy, observatory, library. Already in the X century. in many cities, secondary and higher Muslim schools appeared - madrasahs. In the X-XIII centuries. in Europe, the sign decimal system for writing numbers, called "Arabic numerals", became known from Arabic writings. Enduring world fame was brought to Omar Khayyam (1048-1122), a Persian poet, scientist, by his poems: 1) philosophical; 2) hedonic; 3) free-thinking rubai. In the X-XV centuries. Gradually, the world-famous collection of Arab folk tales "A Thousand and One Nights" was gradually formed. These are tales about Ali Baba, Aladdin, Sinbad the Sailor, and others. Orientalists believe that the heyday of Arabic poetry, literature, and culture as a whole falls on the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries: during this period, the rapidly developing Arab world was at the head of world civilization . From the XNUMXth century the level of cultural life is declining. Persecution of Christians and Jews begins, which was expressed in their physical extermination, secular culture is oppressed, and pressure on the natural sciences increases. Public burning of books became common practice. 5. Visual arts and calligraphy Islam, advocating strict monotheism, from ancient times fought against the tribal cults of the Arabians. In order to destroy the memory of tribal idols, sculpture was forbidden in Islam, images of living beings were not approved. As a result, painting also did not receive significant development in Arab culture, being limited to ornaments. From the XNUMXth century began to develop the art of miniatures, including books. The handwritten book was valued in Muslim society as a shrine and a treasure. With all the differences in artistic techniques and subjects, book illustrations of that time have much in common. Conventionality in the depiction of the scene and characters in miniatures is combined with a mastery of line and color, and a lot of details. The poses of the actors are expressive. Most popular images: 1) scenes of royal receptions; 2) peers; 3) hunting; 4) battles. Court painters often served at the same time as court historians who accompanied the Sultan on military campaigns. The artist did not seek to reproduce earthly reality. The true world had to be comprehended speculatively, through the reading of the Qur'an, the recitation of prayers, the inscription and contemplation of sacred inscriptions from the Qur'an, hadiths, the names of Allah and Muhammad. The sacred word of the Quran accompanied a Muslim throughout his life. In the Muslim medieval culture of the East and West, the degree of mastery of the "beauty of writing", or calligraphy, became an indicator of the intellectuality and education of a person. Various handwritings were developed. At the heart of the 6 styles of writing was the system of "statutory writing" - a system of proportions that determined the ratio of vertical and horizontal elements of letters, as well as letters in a word and a line. A reed pen - "kalam" served as a writing tool, the method of sharpening of which depended on the chosen style and traditions of the school. The materials for writing were papyrus, parchment and paper, the production of which was established in Samarkand (Central Asia) in the 60s. XNUMXth century The sheets were covered with a starch paste and polished with a crystal egg, which made the paper dense and durable, and the letters and patterns applied in colored ink were clear, bright and shiny. In general, fine art was carpeted, its characteristic features were flowery and patterned. The combination of bright colors, however, was always strictly geometric, rational and subject to Muslim symbols. 6. Architecture of Islam It should be noted that medieval Arab architecture developed on the basis of the processing of Greek, Roman and Iranian traditions by the Arabs. From the XNUMXth century buildings begin to be decorated with floral and geometric ornaments, which included stylized inscriptions - Arabic script. Such an ornament - the Europeans called it an arabesque - was built on the principle of endless development and rhythmic repetition of the pattern. The main place in the construction of cities was occupied by religious buildings - mosques. They were a square courtyard surrounded by galleries on pillars or columns. Over time, mosques began to differ in their purpose. A small mosque served as a place of individual prayer. The cathedral, or Friday, mosque was intended for collective prayers performed by the entire community on Friday at noon. The main temple of the city became known as the Great Mosque. Distinctive features of any mosque from the end of the XNUMXth - beginning of the XNUMXth century. became the mihrab and minbar. From the XNUMXth century The most important element of the cathedral mosque was the minaret - a high tower from which the call to prayer was proclaimed. The Arab world also gave birth to such a unique phenomenon as Moorish art. Moorish art is a conventional name for an artistic style (a mixture of Arabic and Gothic styles) that developed in North Africa and Andalusia (Southern Spain) in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. Most clearly, the Moorish style manifested itself in architecture. The pearl of Moorish architecture of the XIII-XIV centuries. - Alhambra (Granada in Spain). The massive walls of the fortress, towers and gates, secret passages hide and protect the palace. The composition is based on a system of courtyards (Courtyard of Myrtles, Courtyard of Lions) located at different levels. Distinctive features are fragile, frost-like carved stone patterns and inscriptions on the walls, thin twisted columns, wrought iron window bars and multi-colored stained-glass windows. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Japanese culture (Features of Japanese culture. Literature. Religion. Theater. Painting. Architecture, sculpture. Decorative and applied arts) >> Forward: Medieval culture (General characteristics of culture. Education and science. Worldview. Literature. Theatre. Medieval painting. Architecture. Gothic art. Sculpture)
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