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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of world and domestic culture. Culture of Russia 1725-1800 (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 7. Culture of Russia 1725-1800 1. General characteristics of the culture of the era of "palace coups" and Catherine's reign XNUMXth century occupies an important place in the history of Russian culture. The secular direction becomes decisive in its development. A system of general and special education was created, a university was opened, periodicals and journalism appeared. A new, western-oriented poetry, drama and prose is emerging. In painting, the portrait comes to the fore. Outstanding examples of civil architecture appear in architecture. In this lecture, we will focus mainly on the achievements of noble culture. 2. Education Since the time of Peter I, education in Russia has acquired an increasingly clear secular character. At the same time, the traditional form of "literacy education" was massive and ubiquitous. The number of soldiers' garrison schools has increased. The main attention was paid to the education of nobles in closed educational institutions. In 1731, the Shlyakhetsky Cadet Corps was created, and in 1752, the Naval Shlyakhetsky Corps. In addition, noble children were taught in private boarding schools, as well as at home. In the XVIII century. it is becoming fashionable to invite foreign teachers, especially French ones. Despite such great successes in the field of education in Russia, the need for an education system was felt more and more acutely. At the initiative of the empress, the development of school education projects was entrusted to one of the brightest public figures of that time - I. I. Betsky. He was also the initiator of women's education. But the activities of I. I. Betsky and the implementation of his plan in no way solved the problem of creating a system of primary education. To resolve this issue, in 1782 a "Commission on the Establishment of Schools" was organized. The first result of the work of the Commission was the opening of 4-class and 2-class public schools in the St. Petersburg province. In total, at the end of the XVIII century. in Russia there were about 550 different educational institutions, in which about 60 thousand people studied. One of the main events of the middle of the XVIII century. was the opening of the first higher civil educational institution - Moscow University. I. I. Shuvalov was its curator. However, the ideological builder of Moscow University was M. V. Lomonosov. He developed a project for the organization of the university, sought to ensure that the university was classless and secular (since it did not teach theology). He took an active part in the creation of textbooks. A special gymnasium with two departments was created at the university to train student personnel - for the nobility and the raznochintsy. Creation of the Academy of Sciences in Russia, rapid development in the XNUMXth century. world natural science contributed to the formation and development of Russian science. 3. Science It reached a significant level of development in the 1711th century. Russian science. M. V. Lomonosov (1768-1755) was an outstanding scientist of the XNUMXth century, whose interests covered various fields of science. His main merit was the founding and opening of Moscow University (XNUMX). In the XVIII century. the interest of Russian society in its historical past is growing, historiographic works are appearing. The first Russian historian VN Tatishchev (1686-1750) wrote "Russian History from the Most Ancient Times". Following Tatishchev, historical works appear: 1) M. V. Lomonosov; 2) M. M. Shcherbatova; 3) I. N. Boltina; 4) I. I. Golikova; 5) G. F. Miller and others. In the 70-80s. XNUMXth century Historical documents are published on the pages of the periodical press. A number of very interesting achievements characterize the development of technical thought in Russia. But in most cases, technical innovations did not find application. One of the most famous inventors of that time was IP Kulibin (1735-1810). Physical-geographic research and natural science have been widely developed. In 1724, by order of Peter I, the First Kamchatka Expedition was equipped, headed by V. Bering and A. I. Chirikov. The results of this expedition are grandiose: the riches of the Urals, Siberia and Altai are described, materials on geography, zoology, botany, ethnography, etc. are collected. 4. Literature and social thought. Theatre Under the conditions of the feudal-serf system, literature was predominantly of the nobility. Folk art was oral. Noble literature of the XVIII century. developed in line with classicism. The main trend in literature was classicism in the form of odes, tragedies, words of praise. This was most clearly manifested in the work of A.P. Sumarokov, who wrote comedies and tragedies that perform educational functions, as well as in the early representative of classicism of the 1703th century. - A. D. Kantemir. An important stage in the development of Russian classicism was the work of the court poet V. K. Trediakovsky (1769-1743). Defending the purity of the Russian literary language, M. V. Lomonosov creates the doctrine of three literary "calms". The largest Russian poet of the late XVIII century. was G. R. Derzhavin (1816-XNUMX). At the end of the XVIII century. there is a departure from classicism, overcoming sentimentalism and the formation of realistic tendencies. First of all, this manifested itself in the work of D. I. Fonvizin (1745-1792), the creator of social comedy. N. M. Karamzin (1766-1826) is considered the founder of Russian sentimentalism. The largest figure in Russian social thought is A. N. Radishchev (1749-1802). While holding the post of military prosecutor, during the years of the Pugachev uprising, he got acquainted with the cases of fugitive recruits, in which, like in a mirror, the orders of serf Russia were reflected. This led Radishchev to the idea of the need for a peasant revolution in Russia. In his literary work "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" he made the transition from the literary genre of sentimentalism to critical realism. In the second half of the 1750th century, journalism developed in Russia. From the end of the XNUMXs. the first private journals appear. Among them is "Hard-working bee" by A.P. Sumarokov. Basically, these were the nobility-class publications. During the reign of Catherine II, the activities of the educator N. I. Novikov (publisher of the satirical magazines "Druten", "Painter", "Ridder", publisher of dictionaries, children's, women's magazines) unfolded. In the 1768th century, theatrical art developed quite widely in Russia. The most famous theater with a magnificent troupe of serf actors was owned by Counts P. B. Sheremetyev and N. P. Sheremetyev. The famous serf actress and singer P. I. Kovaleva-Zhemchugova (1803-XNUMX) shone in the Sheremetev troupe. An interesting evolution in the XNUMXth century. undergoes musical creativity. Among the nobility, Russian folk songs are widely distributed, as well as stylization of the folk style of the song. 5. Painting A characteristic feature of the painting of the XVIII century. - liberation from cult themes. A special place in Russian painting of the XVIII century. took the portrait. Realism begins to appear in the portraits of L. P. Antropov (1716-1795). The serf artist Sheremeteva I. P. Argunov (1729-1802) successfully worked in the portrait genre. Russian portrait art of this time is of world importance, three masters stand out in particular: 1) Dmitry Levitsky; 2) Vladimir Borovikovsky; 3) Fedor Rokotov. Along with a magnificent formal portrait in the work of F. S. Rokotov (1736-1808), an informal, intimate portrait appears, in which all attention is paid not to magnificent clothes, but to a person’s face. The work of D. G. Levitsky (1735-1822) is diverse and widely represented. Ceremonial portraits of Levitsky, admiring the splendor of clothes, convey the richness of the subject texture. Examples of this are the portrait of the richest breeder P. A. Demidov; a series of portraits of noble pupils of the Smolny Institute - adolescent girls in the form of secular ladies (E. I. Nelidova, E. N. Khrushchova and others). D. G. Levitsky painted portraits of Diderot, Catherine P. The continuer of Levitsky's traditions was VL Borovikovsky (1757-1825), in whose portraits the art of psychologism reached the pinnacle of perfection. The master is close to sentimentalism (portraits of the dreamy and languid M. I. Lopukhina are one of the best examples of this genre; Empress Catherine II, walking in the garden in simple clothes, without any attributes of her royal position, for which Borovikovsky was awarded the title of academician). 6. Architecture, sculpture In the 1st half of the XVIII century. the dominant style in architecture was baroque. It is characterized by the creation of huge ensembles, distinguished by solemnity, splendor, an abundance of stucco, sculptures, columns. In the 2nd half of the XVIII century. baroque is replaced by classicism. The most striking figure of the middle of the XVIII century was V. V. Rastrelli (1700-1771). Its main architectural masterpieces are: 1) a palace in Peterhof; 2) the palace ensemble in Tsarskoye Selo; 3) Smolny Monastery near St. Petersburg. He built magnificent palaces, temples, pavilions, suburban complexes, etc. In 1754-1762. Rastrelli erected a new Winter Palace in approximately the same place where the Winter Palace of Peter I stood. In the 2nd half of the XVIII century. a number of the largest talented Russian architects appear. In their work, Russian classicism acquired its main features. V. I. Bazhenov (1737-1799) - the great Russian architect, one of the first representatives of Russian classicism. He suffered a tragic fate: the project of a grandiose palace in the Moscow Kremlin was approved, but not implemented. His second work was the design and construction of the royal country palace in the village. Tsaritsyno near Moscow - was brought to the end of construction, but, by order of Catherine II, it was destroyed due to the proximity of Bazhenov to Novikov. For many years, V.I. Bazhenov carried out orders from private individuals, and only in the 90s. 1797th century created a project for the Mikhailovsky Castle, built for Paul I in 1800-XNUMX. architect Brenn. Along with the palace and park architecture in the 1700th century, the construction of public buildings was becoming increasingly important. One of the first buildings of this type is the famous Admiralty in St. Petersburg by the Russian architect I.Korobov (1747-XNUMX). The great Russian architect M. F. Kazakov (1738-1812) made a great contribution to the construction of large public buildings in Moscow. Being one of the students and admirers of V.I. Bazhenov, he continued to improve the features of Russian classicism, making it even more strict and simple. A wonderful example of Kazakov’s creativity is the Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin. Simultaneously with Russian architects, foreigners also successfully worked in Russia. Among them, the most talented were the Scot Charles Cameron and the Italian Giacomo Quarenghi. One of the first examples of classicism was the huge building of the Academy of Arts, which was built over a quarter of a century (1763-1788). To create in Russia the Academy of Arts, where painters, sculptors, architects could study, that is, a kind of art center, was conceived by Peter I. This idea was carried out by his daughter Elizabeth at the end of her reign - in 1757 in St. Petersburg. The architect I. E. Staroye (1745-1808) also adhered to the canons of classicism. His most famous work is the Tauride Palace of Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky in St. Petersburg (1783-1789). He also built the Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. It was Starov who created the classic type of palace-estate, using a special composition with the main building and side wings (outbuildings) brought forward (Russian landowners really liked this scheme). Finally, one cannot fail to mention the magnificent achievements of Russian sculptors of the 1740th century. Among the first is the famous F. I. Shubin (1805-XNUMX). The tendencies of realism, sharp portrait characteristics are expressed in his work clearly, in relief. Shuba's portrait busts are designed for all-round inspection. The play of shadows and highlights on the surface of marble or bronze gives the sculpture a special liveliness and expressiveness. A whole galaxy of outstanding masters worked in the field of decorative sculpture in this era: 1) F. G. Gordeev; 2) M. I. Kozlovsky; 3) I. P. Prokofiev; 4) F. F. Shchedrin; 5) I. P. Martos. They produced remarkable examples of decorative and monumental sculpture. Of particular note is the monument to Peter I, created by the French sculptor Falcone (1716-1791). In general, in the late XVIII-early XIX centuries. the public preferred sculptures based on mythological and historical subjects. Therefore, M. I. Kozlovsky (1753-1802) was very popular, since in his work he turned mainly to ancient mythology and biblical traditions. Author: Konstantinova S.V. << Back: Culture of the era of Peter the Great (General trends in the culture of the era of Peter the Great. Education, science. Literature and theater. Life of the Russian people. Painting 1700-1725. Architecture 1700-1725) >> Forward: Golden age of Russian culture. First half (General characteristics of the culture of this period. Development of education, literature and science. Literature and social thought. Theatre. Painting. Architecture and sculpture)
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