Commercial activity. Full Partnership (lecture notes)

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Commercial activity. Full Partnership (lecture notes)

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31. General partnership

Full partnership created on a voluntary basis. Participants of a general partnership enter into an agreement and conduct business activities on a joint basis. A characteristic feature of a full partnership is the property responsibility of its participants for how their obligations are fulfilled. If debts arise in the process of entrepreneurial activity, the participants in the partnership are liable for this not only with the property contributed to the formation of a general partnership, but also with their personal property.

The property united to create a partnership is a common shared property, which belongs equally to all participants in the partnership. This means that each participant is entitled to a share, which is expressed in the monetary or property value invested by him in the partnership. A general partnership has certain rights, as it is a legal entity. This is an independent company that acts as a subject of economic activity. As a legal entity, a partnership may be sued as a defendant, as well as file a lawsuit as a plaintiff. A general partnership has its own name, which is registered in the register of owners, is in interaction with authorities and other partnerships engaged in economic activities.

Members of a general partnership assume obligations that consist in managing the activities of the company. Members of a partnership are allowed to be members of only one partnership.

All members of the partnership have the right to be jointly and severally liable. Each participant has the right to independently manage the affairs of the company, interact with other partnerships or government organizations. Given these circumstances, it can be assumed that the partnership should include people who fully trust each other. Each participant must be sure of the honesty of his partners and the correctness of their actions. When organizing a general partnership, the agreement concluded between its participants must be carefully thought out, worked out, and approved by all members of the partnership. When negotiating the contract, the abilities of each participant are taken into account in order to avoid independent actions of people who are incompetent in certain matters. The correct drafting of the contract ensures the protection of the interests of all participants in the partnership and prevents the danger of possible damage. In drawing up the contract, the participation of lawyers, economists and other specialists who can be useful in the course of the partnership's activities is very important.

General partnerships have become widespread in Russia, despite the fact that they are a rather risky form of entrepreneurial activity.

When deciding to organize a general partnership, its participants must assess the degree of entrepreneurial risk and correctly calculate their chances for the success of the planned enterprise. If all employees fully trust each other and have a high level of responsibility, this makes it possible to obtain a loan from a bank secured by the personal property of the participants. If members of a future partnership take such a bank loan, they need to legally resolve the issue of dividing their property and the property of other members of their family in order to avoid losing all the property and money of the family in the event of bankruptcy of the general partnership.

Authors: Egorova E.N., Loginova E.Yu.

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Mobile devices ruin sleep 27.12.2014

The biological clock depends on the natural cycle of day and night, but scientific and technological progress has brought us artificial lighting, so that we are no longer dependent on sunlight, and can work, read and generally be active at night too. At the same time, many molecular, cellular, physiological and mental processes depend on daily rhythms. And what then happens to us when our watch sees light around, while, according to the natural course of things, there should already be darkness around?

Recently, this issue has been studied in the most intent way, and the results are disappointing. Numerous scientific papers show that a disturbed circadian rhythm affects not only higher nervous activity, but also, for example, metabolism: going to bed at the wrong time or regularly not getting enough sleep, you risk developing diabetes, overweight problems, etc. Moreover, sometimes you don’t even need to break the daily rhythm itself, just abnormally bright lighting at an inopportune time is enough.

Two years ago, employees of Johns Hopkins University (USA) published an article in Nature stating that even if you go to bed at the right time, the bright lighting that accompanies us to the last can still cause harm in itself. Animals that were forced to live constantly in bright light showed signs of depression: they ceased to be interested in others, their memory deteriorated and the level of stress hormones increased. The authors of the work suggested that the depression of a modern urban person may be due to the fact that in cities at night it is "light as day".

However, two objections can immediately be raised here. Firstly, the results of some studies still need to be rechecked on humans, after all, our physiology differs from the physiology of laboratory mice, which in nature should generally lead a nocturnal lifestyle. Secondly, many people read something from the screens of laptops, smartphones, tablets, etc. before going to bed, but at the same time turn off the overhead light, remaining in almost complete darkness. Can the radiation from the screen of a mobile device affect our circadian rhythm that much?

It turns out it can. Anna-Maria Chang (Anne-Marie Chang) and her colleagues from Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard University (USA) observed twelve adults who regularly read a book before going to bed for two weeks. Only some read it for five days, first on paper, and then on an electronic "reader", while others did the opposite - they started with an electronic device and continued with a paper-printed version. As for the content, it could be anything, but it had to be just leisure reading, in addition, images and puzzles were excluded. Time was allotted for reading from 18-00 to 22-00, for sleep - from 22-00 to 6-00.

Electronic "readers" were also not all. The researchers measured the amount of light emitted from various mobile devices, including the iPad, iPhone, Kindle, Kindle Fire, and Nook Color. The Kindle devices did not emit light, but the iPad, Kindle Fire and Nook Color shone about the same, although the iPad was brighter than the others. So the experiment was set with the iPad.

It turned out that those who read from electronic devices fell asleep 10 minutes longer and their REM sleep phase decreased. In addition, they felt more tired the next morning and took longer to wake up. When reading from the screen, the level of the hormone melatonin, which controls the biological clock, decreased in the blood. In the evening, before going to bed, it should increase (it is because of him, by the way, that we feel sleepy), but here everything happened the other way around. According to the authors of the work, the reason for this effect from electronic devices is that their radiation is enriched with blue light, according to which the biological clock in the brain is oriented.

So this is another argument in favor of surfing the Internet less and reading more paper books - at least in the evenings. Well, or at least carefully choose another electronic toy.

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