English for doctors. The progess of digestion (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. The progess of digestion (lecture notes)

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LECTURE No. 39. The progess of digestion

The process of digestion begins when food is taken into the mouth. Chewing Y-eago the food into smaller pieces, thereby exposing more surfaces to the saliva. Saliva itself has a double function. It moistens the food, so easier swallowing, and it contains the enzyme which begins the conversion of carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Although enzymatic action begins in the mouth, the major processes of digestion do not occur until the food passes down through the esophagus into the stomach. The stomach has both a chemical and a physical function. The walls of the stomach, which are protected by a layer of mucus, secrete gastric juices composed of several enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The most powerful enzyme is pepsin, which begins the process of converting proteins into amino acids. In addition, during these chemical reactions waves of contraction; and relaxation, known as peristalsis, move the walls of the stomach. They turn the food particles into a'semi-sqlid mass known as chyme.

From the stomach, the chyme passes into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter. Much undigested food is still present Proteins have not been completely broken down, carbohydrates are still being converted into simple sugars, and fats remain in large globules. In the small intestine the process of digestion is completed by the action of the bile, which is secreted by the liver and released by the gallbladder, and by the action of various enzymes which are secreted by the pancreas and walls of the small in testine. Food which are still undigested pass on in a liquid state into large intestine. Absorption of the products of digestion taken place mainly through the wall of the small intestine.

Digestion

Chewing movements of the teeth, tongue, cheeks, lips and lower jaw break down food, mix it with saliva and roll it into a moist, soft mass called a bolus, suitable for swallowing.

Having been rendered suitable for swallowing the food is pushed back into the pharynx by the tongue, and enters the esopha gus to be transported rapidly down the neck and thorax, through the diaphragm to the stomach. The mucous membrane of the stomach is equipped with millions of glands secreting mucus, digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid.

The small intestine is the region within which the process of digestion is completed and its products are absorbed. Although its epithelial lining forms many small glands, they mainly produce mucus. Most of the enzymes present are secreted by the pancreas, whose duct, opens into the duodenum. Bile from the liver also enters the duodenum.

The absorption of the product's of digestion also takes place in the small intestine, although water, salts, and glucose are ab sorbed from the stomach and the large intestine.

The large intestine is chiefly concerned with the preparation, storage and evacuation of undigestible and unabsorbable food residue.

new words

process of digestion - the process of digestion

to begin - to begin food - food

to be taken - to be taken

mouth - mouth

diewing - chewing

smaller - smaller

pieces - parts

thereby - in this way

exposing - demonstration

saliva - saliva

double - double

to moisten - moisturize

light - relief

contains - contains

enzyme - enzyme

conversion - conversion

carbohydrates - carbohydrates

ashkya^ - although

action - action

to pass down - transfer

through - through

stomach - stomach

chemical - chemical

physical function - physical function

rendered - provided

suitable - suitable

tongue - language

rapidly - quickly

equipped - equipped

hydrochloric acid - hydrochloric acid

absorption - absorption

Verb conjugation in Past Simple Tense is regular verbs (the action was performed in the past when the time is specified exactly).

Conjugation of the verb to work in Past Simple Tense Table 10

Verb conjugation in Past Simple Tense -irregular verbs Table 11

Rewrite the following text using verbs in the past tense.

On Monday we have five lessons. The first lesson is Russian. At this lesson we write a dictation and do some exercises. Jack goes to the blackboard. He answers well and gets a "five". Pete does not get a "fi-ve'", because he does not know his lesson. After the second lesson I go to the canteen. I eat a sandwich and drink a cup of tea. I don't drink milk. After school I do not go home at once, I go to the library and take a book. Then I go home.

Answer the questions.

1. When does the process of digestion begin?

2. What does chewing do?

3. Does saliva have a double function?

4. What does saliva contain?

5. Where does the enzymatic action begin?

6. What functions does the stomach have?

7. What is the most powerful enzyme?

8. What does pepsin begin?

9. By what is the food pushed back into the pharynx?

10. Where the absorption of the product's of digestion also takes place?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

Author: Elena Belikova

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