English for doctors. Pharynx and related areas (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. Pharynx and related areas (lecture notes)

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LECTURE No. 35. Pharynx and related areas

The pharynx is a passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory systems. It has lateral, posterior, and medial walls through out, but is open interiorly in its upper regions, communicating with the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. The anterior wall of the larynopharynx is formed by the larynx. The pharyngeal wall con sists of a mucosa, a fibrous layer, and a muscularis, which is composed of an inner longitudinal layer (ie, stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyn-geus) and an outer circular layer (ie, superior, middle, inferior constrictor muscles).

Nasopharynx is the region of the pharynx located directly poste rior to the nasal cavity. It communicates with the nasal cavity through the choanae (ie, posterior nasal apertures).

The torus tubarius is the cartilaginous rim of the auditorium The pha-ryngeal recess is the space located directly above and behind the torus tubarius; it contains the nasopharyngeal tonsil. The salpingopharynge-al fold is a ridge consisting of mucosa and the underlying salpingopha-ryngeus muscle, which runs down the wall of the pharynx from the torus tubarius.

Oropharynx is the region of the pharynx located directly posterior to the oral cavity. It communicates with the oral cavity through a space called the fauces. The fauces are bounded by two folds, consisting of mucosa and muscle, known as the anterior and posterior pillars.

The anterior pillar of the fauces, also known as the palatoglossal fold, contains the palatoglossus muscle.

The posterior pillar of the fauces, also known as the palatopharyn-geal fold, contains the palatopharyngeus muscle. The tonsillar bed is the space between the pillars that houses the palatine tonsil.

Laryngopharynx is the region of the pharynx that surrounds the larynx. It extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the cricoid car tillage. Its lateral extensions are known as the piriform recess.

Oral cavity: the portion of the oral cavity that is posterior to the lips and anterior to the teeth is called the vestibule. The oral cavi ty proper has a floor formed by the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles, which support the tongue. It has lateral walls, consisting of the buccinator muscles and buccal mucosa, and a roof formed by the hard palate anteriorly and the soft palate posteriorly. Its posterior wall is absent and is replaced by an opening to the oropharynx, which is flanked by the pillars of the fauces.

The palate separates the nasal and oral cavities.

Hard palate is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal palate of the palatine bone. Its mucosa is supplied with sensory fibers from CN V2.

Soft palate consists of a fibrous membrane, the palatine aponeuro-sis, covered with mucosa. The portion that hangs down in the midline is the uvula, which contains the musculus uvulae. Two additional muscles (ie, levator palati, tensor palati) insert into the palatine aponeurosis.

The tongue is a mobile, muscular organ necessary for speech. It is divisible into an anterior two-thirds and a posterior one-third by the sulcus terminalis.

Muscles of the tongue. These include the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles (ie, palatoglossus, stylogiossus, hyoglos - sus, genioglos-sus). All of the muscles are innervated by CN XII except the palatoglossus, which is supplied by CN X. Arterial supply: The tongue is supplied by the lingual branch of the external carotid aitery.

Venous drainage. The lingual veins, which lie on the under-surface of the tongue, drain to the internal jugular veins.

Lymphatic drainage. The tip of the tongue drains to the submental nodes, and the remainder of the anterior two-thirds drains first to sub-mandibular, then to deep cervical nodes. The posterior one-third drains directly to deep cervical nodes.

new words

shared - divided

digestive - digestive

anteriorly - earlier

upper - upper

regions - areas

communicating - interaction

oral cavity - oral cavity

anterior wall - front wall

pharyngeal - pharyngeal

mucosa - mucous membrane

fibrous layer - fibrous layer

longitudinal - longitudinal

circular layer - circular layer

superior - above

middle - middle

posterior nasal apertures - posterior nasal apertures

torus tubarius - tube roller

auditory space - nasopharyngeal

nasopharyngeal tonsil - tonsil

fold - fold

Conjugation of the verb to be (to be) in Past Simple Tense

(Past Indefinite Tense) Table 6.

Translate into English using Table 6.

1. I was a student.

2. He was a pilot.

3. She was a doctor.

4. We were schoolchildren.

5. They were workers.

6. You were a worker.

7. They were students.

8. I was at home.

9. He was at school

10. Was she at the cinema?

11. We were in the park.

12. Were they in the theater?

13. Was she young at that time?

14. He was old.

15. She was not a teacher.

16. They were strong.

17. She was sick.

18. Were you sick?

19. Was he sick?

20. I wasn't sick.

21. I was sick yesterday.

22. She was not sick.

23. We were at the cinema.

24. They weren't at the cinema.

25. They weren't at school.

26. They were at home.

27. Were you in the park yesterday?

28. Was he at school yesterday?

29. He was a worker.

30. She was an actress.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the pharynx?

2. What shares does the pharynx?

3. What has the pharynx?

4. What forms the anterior wall of the laryngopharynx?

5. What the pharyngeal wall con sists of?

6. What is nasopharynx?

7. Where is nasopharynx located?

8. What is the torus tubarius?

9. What is located directly above and behind the torus tubarius?

10. What is located between the pillars that houses the palatine tonsil?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

Author: Elena Belikova

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