English for doctors. Ventilation (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. Ventilation (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE #25

Total ventilation (VT, minute ventilation) is the total gas flow into the lungs per minute. It is equal to the tidal volume (VT) x the respiratory rate (n). Total ventilation is the sum of dead space ventilation and alveolar ventilation.

Anatomic dead space is equivalent to the volume of the conducting airways (150 mL in normal individuals), ie, the trachea and bronchi up to and including the terminal bronchioles. Gas exchange does not occur here. Physiologic dead space is the volume of the respiratory tract that does not participate in gas exchange. It includes the anatomic dead space and partially functional or nonfunctional alveoli (eg, because of a pulmonan embolus preventing blood supply to a region of alveoli). In normal individuals, anatomic and physiologic dead space are approximately equal. Physiologic dead space can greatly exceed anatomic dead space in individuals with lung disease.

Dead space ventilation is the gas flow into dead space per minute. Alveolar ventilation is the gas flow entering functional alveoli per minute.

Alveolar ventilation: It is the single most important parameter of lung function. It cannot be measured directly. It must be adequate for removal of the CO₂ produced by tissue metabolism whereas the partial pressure of inspired O₂ is 150 mmHg, the partial pressure of O₂ in the alveoli is typically 100 mmHg because of the displacement of O₂with CO₂. PAo2 cannot be measured directly.

new words

total - the total number

ventilation - ventilation

flow

per minute - per minute

equal - equal

the conducting - conducting

airways - airways

exchange - exchange

tract - treatise

to be measured - to be measured

directly - directly

displacement - displacement

Paraphrase the following phrases and sentences using the possessive case.

1. The handbags of these women.

2. The flat of my sister is large.

3. The children of my brother are at home.

4. The room of the boys is large.

5. The name of this girl is Helen.

6. The work of these students is interesting.

7. The dog of the brother.

8. The notebook of the teacher.

9. The friend of my friend.

10. The work of the scientist.

Translate into English using the possessive case.

1. He showed me his sister's letter.

2. She took her brother's skates.

3. Give me your students' notebooks.

4. Bring your children's things.

5. Yesterday the children found a bird's nest.

6. This is my friend's family.

7. Whose bag is this? This is Tom's bag.

8. Whose dictionaries are these? - These are students' dictionaries.

9. Have you seen our teacher's book?

10. I like the handwriting of this boy.

Answer the questions.

1. How minutes does it take for total ventilation?

2. Is total ventilation equal to the tidal volume?

3. Describe the process of total ventilation?

4. Is anatomic dead space equipment to the volume of the conducting airways?

5. Does gas exchange occur in trachea and bronchi?

6. What is physiological dead space?

7. What does physiological dead space include?

8. Describe the alveolar ventilation?

9. What is the most important parameter of lung function?

10. What does tissue metabolism produce?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Make your own sentences using possessive case (10 sentences).

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1) a) nose; b) mouth; c) nails;

2) a) lungs; b) bronchi; c) stomach;

3) a) brain; b) rib; c) thorax;

4) a) tissue; b) bone c) pelvis;

5) a) arm; b) shoulder; c) finger.

Author: Elena Belikova

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