English for doctors. Plasma (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. Plasma (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE No. 16. Plasma

Plasma is the extracellular component of blood. It is an aqueous solution containing proteins, inorganic salts, and organic com pounds. Albumin is the major plasma protein that maintains the osmotic pressure of blood. Other plasma proteins include the globulins (alpha, beta, gamma) and fibrinogen, which is necessary for the formation of fibrin in the final step of blood coagulation. Plasma is in equilibrium with tissue interstitial fluid through capillary walls; therefore, the composition of plasma may be used to judge the mean composition of the extracellular fluids. Large blood proteins remain in the intravascu-lar compartment and do not equilibrate with the interstitial fluid. Serum is a clear yellow fluid that is separated from the coagulum during the process of blood clot formation. It has the same com position as plasma, but lacks the clotting factors (especially fib rinogen).

Lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic vessels consist of a fine network of thin-walled vessels that drain into progressively larger and progressively thicker-walled collecting trunks. These ultimately drain, via the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, into the left and right subclavian veins at their angles of junction with the internal jugular veins, respectively. The lymphatics serve as a one-way (ie, towards the heart) drainage system for the return of tissue fluid and other diffusible substances, including plasma proteins, which constantly escape from the blood through capillaries. They are also important in serving as a conduit for channeling lymphocytes and antibodies produced in lymph nodes into the blood circulation.

Lymphatic capillaries consist of vessels lined with endothelial cells, which begin as blind-ended tubules or saccules in most tis sues of the body. Endothelium is attenuated and usually lacks a continuous basal lamina. Lymphatic vessels of large diameter resemble veins in their structure but lack a clear-cut separation between layers. Valves are more numerous in lymphatic vessels. Smooth muscle cells in the media layer engage in rhythmic contraction, pumping lymph towards the venous system. Smooth muscle is well-developed in large lymphatic ducts.

Circulation of lymph is slower than that of blood, but it is nonetheless an essential process. It has been estimated that in a single day, 50% or more of the total circulating protein leaves the blood circulation at the capillary level and is recaptured by the lymphatics.

Distribution of lymphatics is ubiquitous with some notable exceptions, including epithelium, cartilage, bone, central nervous system, and thymus.

new words

plasma - plasma

extracellular - extracellular

component - component

aqueous - water

solution - solution

proteins - proteins

inorganic - inorganic

salts - salts

organic - organic

com pounds - compositions

albumin - albumin

to maintain - maintain

globulins - globulins

alpha - alpha

beta - beta

gamma - gamma

fibrinogen - fibrinogen

equilibrium - balance

lymphatic - lymphatic

vessel - vessel

endothelium - endothelium

attenuated - reduced

circulation - appeal

lymph - lymph

distribution - distribution

ubiquitous - ubiquitous

notable - famous

Before the names of sciences, subjects and languages, the article is not used.

E.g. He studies _ chemistry.

I speak_ English.

Fill in the blanks where necessary.

1. My friend's. flat is very comfortable.

2. There are... three rooms in... flat:... living-room,... study and. bedroom.

3... living-room is not very large.

4... walls in... living-room are blue.

5. There are. pictures on. walls.

6. There is... table in... middle of... room with some chairs around it.

7. To... left of... door there is... sofa.

8. Near... sofa there are... two large armchairs.

9. They are very. comfortable.

10. There is. piano in my friend's living room.

11... piano is to... right of.

12... doors of... bedrooms and... study are small.

13. When my grandfather was... young man, he studied... physics.

14. Do you speak... Spanish?

15. My uncle is... great specialist in... biology.

16. Japanese is more difficult than... French.

17. We listened to. very interesting lecture.

18. My father speaks... English and ... French, but he does not speak... German.

19. We had... lesson of... mathematics yesterday.

20. We wrote. test in... mathematics.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the component of blood is plasma?

2. What components does the plasma have?

3. Where do large blood proteins remain?

4. Do large blood proteins equilibrate with the interstitial fluid?

5. What color is serum?

6. Where is serum separated from?

7. What com position does the serum have?

8. What do lymphatic vessels consist of?

9. How do lymphatics serve?

10. How is the smooth muscle developed in large lymphatic ducts?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

Author: Elena Belikova

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