English for doctors. The nose (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. The nose (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE No. 29. The nose

The respiratory system permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood by providing a thin cellular membrane deep in the lung that separates capillary blood from alveolar air. The system is divided into a conducting portion (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) that carries the gases during inspiration and expiration, and a respiratory portion (alveoli) that provides for gas exchange between air and blood.

The nose contains the paired nasal cavities separated by the nasal septum. Anteriorly, each cavity opens to the outside at a nostril (naris), and posteriorly, each cavity opens into the nasopharynx. Each cavity contains a vestibule, a respiratory area, and an olfactory area, and each cavity communicates with the paranasal sinuses.

Vestibule is located behind the nares and is continuous with the skin.

Epithelium is composed of stratified squamous cells that are similar to the contiguous skin.

Hairs and glands that extend into the underlying connective tissue constitute the first barrier to foreign particles entering the respiratory tract.

Posteriorly, the vestibular epithelium becomes pseudostratified, ciliated, and columnar with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium).

Respiratory area is the major portion of the nasal cavity.

Mucosa is composed of a pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium with numerous goblet cells and a subjacent fibrous lamina propria that contains mixed mucous and serous glands.

Mucus produced by the goblet cells and the glands is carried towards the pharynx by ciliary motion.

The lateral wall of each nasal cavity contains three bony pro injections, the conchae, which increase the surface area and pro mote warming of the inspired air. This region is richly vascularized and innervated.

Olfactory area is located superiorly and posteriorly in each of the nasal cavities.

The pseudostratified epithelium is composed of bipolar neurons (olfactory cells), supporting cells, brush cells, and basalcells. The receptor portions of the bipolar neurons are modi fied dendrites with long, nonmotile cilia.

Under the epithelium, Bowman's glands produce a serous fluid, which dissolves odorous substances.

Paranasal sinuses are cavities in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones' that communicate with the nasal cavities.

The respiratory epithelium is similar to that of the nasal cavi ties except that it is thinner.

Numerous goblet cells produce mucus, which drains to the nasal passages. Few glands are found in the thin lamina propria.

new words

respiratory system - breathing apparatus

exchange - exchange

oxygen - oxygen

carbon - carbon

dioxide - dioxide

cellular - cellular

membrane - membrane

deep - deeply

capillary - capillary

conducting - carrying out

portion - part

nasal cavity - nasal cavity

pharynx - pharynx

larynx - larynx

trachea - trachea

bronchi - bronchi

bronchioles - bronchioles

inspiration - inspiration

expiration - expiration

the paired - connected

nasal septum - nasal septum

anteriorly - earlier

nostril - nostril

posteriorly - behind

vestibule - vestibular

respiratory area - respiratory area

olfactory area - olfactory area

paranasal sinuses - paranasal sinuses

somebody - somebody, somebody

Using somebody, anybody, nobody or everybody.

1. Affirmative form:

Didn't ask anyone to help him.

2. Negative form:

He asked nobody to help him. He did not ask any body to help him.

3. Question form:

Did he ask anybody to help him?

Insert somebody, anybody, nobody or everybody.

1. Has... in this group got a dictionary?

2... left a magazine in our classroom yesterday.

3. The question was so difficult that... could answer it.

4. I am afraid I shan't be able to find... in the office now: it is too late.

5... knows that water is necessary for life.

6. Is there... here who knows French?

7. You must find... who can help you.

8... knew anything about America before Colum bus discovered it.

9. I saw... in the train yesterday who looked like you.

10. There is... in the next room. I don't know him.

11. Please tell us the sto ry... knows it.

12. Is there... in my group who lives in the dormitory?

13. Has... here got a red pencil?

14... can answer this question. It is very easy.

15. We haven't... black stockings.

16. They have... red boots, Kate.

17. I don't want... today

18. I haven't got... clean exercise-books. 19 We shall not buy... in this shx^

20. Didn't you buy... potatoes yesterday?

Answer the questions.

1. What does the respiratory system permit?

2. The exchange of what does the respiratory system permit?

3. What does the respiratory system provide deep in the lung?

4. What does separate capillary blood from alveolar air?

5. How is the respiratory system divided?

6. What does the nose contain?

7. What does each nasal cavity contain?

8. Where does each nasal cavity open to?

9. Where is vestibule located?

10. What is the major portion of the nasal cavity?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Make the sentences of your own using somebody, anybody, nobody or everybody(10 sentences).

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1) a) digestion; b) nose; c) air;

2) a) cavity; b) nose; c) organ;

3) a) breath; b) nasal cavity; c) cartilage;

4) a) mouth; b) lip; c)ear;

5) a) oxygen; b) carbon; c) hydrogen.

Author: Elena Belikova

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