English for doctors. Trachea (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. Trachea (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE No. 31. Trachea

The trachea, a hollow cylinder supported by 16-20 cartilaginous rings, is continuous with the larynx above and the branching primary bronchi below.

Mucosa of the trachea consists of the typical respiratory epithelium, an unusually thick basement membrane, and an underlying lamina propria that is rich in elastin. The lamina propria contains loose elastic tissue with blood vessels, lymphatics, and defensive cells. The outer edge of the lamina propria is defined by a dense network of elastic fibers.

Submucosa consists of dense elastic connective tissue with serorilt-fcous glands whose ducts open onto the surface of the epithelium.

Cartilage rings are C-shaped hyaline cartilage pieces whose free extremities point dorsally (posteriorly). They are covered by a pe-richondrium of fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each of the cartilages. Smooth muscle bundles (trachealis muscle) and ligaments span the dorsal part of each cartilage.

Adventita a consists of peripheral dense connective tissue that binds the trachea to the surrounding tissues.

Primary bronchi

The trachea branches at its distal end into the two primary bronchi. Short extrapulmonary segments of the primary bronchi exist before they enter the lungs at the hilus and then branch further. The histologic structure of the walls of the extrapulmonary segment of the primary bronchi is similar to that of the tracheal wall.

new words

hollow - emptiness

cylinder

supported - supported

cartilaginous rings - cartilaginous rings

larynx - larynx

above - above

branching - transition

primary bronchi - primary bronchi

below - below

mucosa - mucous membrane

typical - typical

respiratory epithelium - respiratory epithelium

an unusually - atypically

thick - thick

basement - base

underlying

lamina - thin plate

rich - rich

elastin - elastin

loose - loose

vessel - vessel

lymphatics - lymphatic

defensive cells - protective cells

outer - outer

edge - edge

Many: MUCH, MANY, (A) LITTLE, (A) FEW

Singular: much (only used with countable nouns).

Ex. I have a lot of time.

Plural: many (only used with uncountable nouns)

Ex. I have many books.

Translate the following pairs of words into English.

A lot of notebooks, a lot of milk, a lot of water, many days, a lot of newspapers, a lot of chalk, a lot of snow, many years, a lot of paintings, a lot of music, a lot of boys, a lot of girls, a lot of tea, a lot of lemons, a lot of meat, a lot of rooms, a lot of teachers. , a lot of work, a lot of air, a lot of birds, a lot of cars.

Insert much or many.

1. Please, don't put... perreg on the meat.

2. There were. plates on the table.

3. I never eat. bread with soup.

4. Why did you eat so. ice-cream?

5. She wrote us. letters from the coun try.

6... of these students don't like to look up words in the dictionary.

7.. in this work was too difficult for me.

8... of their answers were excel tape.

9..of their conversation was about the institute.

10. There are... new pictures in this room.

Answer the questions.

1. How many cartilaginous rings support the trachea?

2. What is the trachea continuous with?

3. What does mucosa of the trachea consist of?

4. What does the lamina propria contain?

5. With help of what is the outer edges of the lamina propria defined by?

6. What does submucosa consist of?

7. How are cartilage rings shaped?

8. What covers the cartilage rings?

9. What does adventitia consist of?

10. How do short extrapulmonary segments of the primary bronchi exist?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Make the sentences of your own using MUCH, MANY, (A) LITTLE,

(A) FEW(10 sentences).

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1) a) vein; b) mucosa; c) trachea;

2) a) mucosa; b) organ; c) submucosa;

3) a) nerve; b) bone; c) organ;

4) a) brain; b) reflex; c) vertebra;

5) a) vision; b) eye; c)ear.

Author: Elena Belikova

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>> Forward: respiratory bronchioles

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