English for doctors. Cell (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. Cell (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE #1

The cell is a smallest independent unit in the body containing all the essential properties of life. types of human cells can be grown in test tubes after being taken from the body. Cells which are functionally organized are often grouped together and operate in concert as a tissue, such as muscle tissue or nervous tissue. Various tissues may be arranged together to form a unit called organ as the kidney, liver, heart or lungs. Organs often function in groups called organ systems. Thus the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver and intestines constitute the digestive system.

Cells are characterized by a high degree of complexity and order in both structure and function. The cell contains a number.

Of structures called cell organelles. These are responsible for carrying out the specialized biochemical reactions characterizing each. The many chemical reactions taking place in a cell require the establishment of varied chemical microenvironment.

Carefully transport controlled mechanisms along with highly effective barriers - the cell membranes - ensure that chemicals are present in the proper region of the call in appropriate concentration.

The cell membranes of a mixture of protein and lipid form its surroundings.

Membranes are an essential component of almost all cells organelles. The membrane allows only certain molecules to pass through it.

The most visible and essential organelle in a cell is the nucleus, containing genetic material and regulating the activities of the entire cell.

The area outside of the molecules is called the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm contains a variety of organelles that have different functions.

new words

cell - cell

independent - independent

unit - unit

body - body

all - all

life - life

human - human

together - together

tissue - tissue

organ systems - organ systems

to function - function

to contain - contain

membranes

protein - protein

nucleus - core

cytoplasm - cytoplasm

different - various

Conjugation of the verb to be in the Present Simple.

To be - to be, to be, to appear. After the following pronouns it changes its form.

Conjugation of the verb to be in Present Simple Table 1

For example.

1. I am a pupil. I am not a pupil. Am I a pupil?

2. She is a girl. She is not a girl. Is she a girl?

3. You are a good friend. You are not a good friend. Are you a good friend?

Put the verb to be in the correct form by filling in the blanks.

1. I... a pupil.

2. My father. not a teacher, he... a scientist.

3.. your sister a teacher?

4. Mary. a painter.

5.. are they at home?

6. My father. a worker.

7. She. at work.

8.. are you a doctor?

9. He... a pilot.

10. We... students.

11. They... carpenters.

12... are they at home?

13. they... not at home.

14. He... at work.

15...your sister a typist?

16...your brother at school?

17...your sister in the cabinet?

18. My sister... at home.

19... this your cat?

20. She... an actress.

21. This... my bag.

22. He... professor.

23. Helen... a singer.

24...you an engineer?

25. He... Russian.

Translate into English using the verb to be in the Present Simple.

1. I am a student. I am at school.

2. My brother is an artist. He is not an engineer.

3. My sister is at work. She is a doctor.

4. He is a student, not a teacher.

5. Are you a student? - No, I'm a student.

6. My sister is at home. She is ill.

7. We are not at school. We're home.

8. My brother is a student. He is at school.

9. Is your mother at home? - No she is at work.

10. Is your cousin at home? - No, he's at school.

11. Is your sister healthy now? Yes, she's healthy.

12. Is your sister a teacher? - No, she is a student.

13. Is your dad at work? No, he's at the cottage.

14. Is your sister a typist? - Yes. She is a typist.

15. My grandfather is not a scientist, he is a geologist.

16. My mother is not a teacher. She is a doctor.

17. Whose pen is this? - This is my pen.

18. Whose book is this? - It is your book.

19. Whose table is this? - This is my brother's table.

20. Whose bag is this? - This is my mother's bag.

21. Whose pencil is this? - This is my sister's pencil.

22. Is this your notebook? Yes, this is my notebook.

23. Is this your brother's notebook? - No, it's mine.

24. Where is your desk? - He is in the middle of the room.

25. Where is your pen? - It's in my pocket.

26. Where is your notebook? - She is on the table.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the cell made of?

2. What is a membrane?

3. Is the cell the smallest independent unit of the body?

4. What can be grown in test - tubes?

5. What can various tissues form, when they are together?

6. What are the organ system composed of?

7. What are cells characterized by?

8. What are cell organelles?

9. What membranes?

10. What is the cytoplasm?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1) a) cell; b) body; c) flower;

2) a) life; b) plate; c) people;

3) a) test-tube; b) microscope; c)pen;

4) a) curtain; b) body; c) tissue;

5) a) spoon; b) kidney; c) liver.

Author: Elena Belikova

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>> Forward: Tissue

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