LECTURE No. 23. Respiratory system

The respiratory system is structurally and functionally adapt ed for the efficient transfer of gases between the ambient air and the bloodstream as well as between the bloodstream and the tissues. The major functional components of the res piratory system are: the airways, alveoli, and blood vessels of the lungs; the tissues of the chest wall and diaphragm; the systemic blood vessels; red blood cells and plasma; and respiratory control neurons in the brainstem and their sensory and motor connections. LUNG FUNCTION: provision of O₂ for tissue metabolism occurs via four mechanisms. Ventilation - the transport of air from the environment to the gas exchange surface in the alveoli. O₂ from the alveolar air space diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membranes to the blood.

Transport of O₂ by the blood to the tissues: O₂ diffusion from the blood to the tissues.

Removal of CO₂ produced by tissue metabolism occurs via four mechanisms. CO₂ diffusion from the tissues to the blood.

Transport by the blood to the pulmonary capillary-alveolar membrane.

CO₂ across the capillary-alveolar membrane to the air spaces of the alveoli. Ventilation - the transport of alveolar gas to the air. Functional components: Conducting airways (conducting zone; anatomical dead space).

These airways are concerned only with the transport of gas, not with gas exchange with the blood.

They are thick-walled, branching, cylindrical structures with ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, smooth muscle cells. Clara cells, mucous glands, and (sometimes) cartilage.

Alveoli and alveolar septa (respiratory zone; lung parenchyma).

These are the sites of gas exchange.

Cell types include: Type I and II epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages.

The blood-gas barrier (pulmonary capillary-alveolar membrane) is ideal for gas exchange because it is very thin (‹0,5 mm) and has a very large surface area (50-100 m2). It consists of alveolar epithelium, basement membrane interstitium, and capillary endothelium.

new words

respiratory - respiratory

structurally - structurally

functionally - functionally

adapted - adapted

efficient - efficient

transfer - move

gases - gases

ambient - surrounding

air - air

bloodstream - blood flow

airways - airways

alveoli - alveoli

blood vessels - blood vessels

lungs - lungs

chest - chest

diaphragm - diaphragm

the systemic blood vessels - systemic blood vessels

red blood cells - red blood cells plasma - plasma

respiratory control neurons - respiratory control neurons

brainstem - brain stem

sensory - touch

motor connections - motor connections

ventilation - ventilation

transport - transportation

environment exchange - environment

surface - the surface

Remember!

unit. hours - plural. h.

this is - these are

that is - those are

there is - there are

it is - they are

Put the words in the following sentences into plural.

1. This is a star.

2. This is a boy.

3. This is a baby.

4. That is a plate.

5. That is a flower.

6. That is a book shelf.

7. Is this a sofa?

8. Is this a bookcase?

9. Is this a man?

10. Is that a ball?

11. Is that a train?

12. Is that a plane?

13. Is the window open?

14. Is the door closed?

15. Is the boy near the window?

16. That is not a king.

17. That is not a queen.

18. That is not a bus.

19. That isn't a mountain.

20. That isn't a goose.

21. This isn't a mouse.

22. It is a sheep.

23. It is a cigarette.

24. It is a cat.

25. It is not a girl.

26. It isn't a bag.

27. It isn't a tree.

28. It's not a bad egg.

29. It is a good egg.

30. Is that a flower?

31. This man is an engineer.

32. That woman is my sister.

33. This child is my son.

34. That goose is big.

35. This mouse is white.

36. This man is a doctor.

37. That woman is my cousin. She is a teacher

38. That girl is my niece. She is a pupil.

39. This girl has a blue sweater.

40. This boy has a good coat.

41. My uncle has a large flat.

42. There is a table in the room.

43. I have a good pen. My pen is in my pocket.

44. There is a flower in the vase.

45. This child's foot is sore.

Answer he questions.

1. What is the respiratory system structurally adopted?

2. What does the respiratory system transfer?

3. What are the most major lung functions?

4. What do we breathe in?

5. What do we breathe out?

6. How is the oxygen delivered to the organs?

7. How is oxygen delivered to the organs?

8. What is metabolism?

9. What are the functional components?

10. What do cell types include?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find plural and single in the text.

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1. a) palm; b) blood; c) vessel;

2. a) leg; b) tissue; c) metabolism;

3. a) airways; b) alveoli; c)arm;

4. a) intestines; b) cell; c) membrane;

5. a) oxygen; b) breath c) carbon.

Author: Elena Belikova

<< Back: Lungs

>> Forward: Lung volumes and capacities

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Control and revision. Crib

▪ Insurance law. Crib

▪ Enterprise economy. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive Inexpensive protection of automotive electronics from cyber attacks 26.07.2014 Information security experts Chris Valasek and Charlie Miller, who some time ago showed the vulnerability of modern cars to hackers, have created a compact and inexpensive device that can secure cars from unauthorized access to their electronics. The developers are going to demonstrate their device at the Black Hat 2014 conference, which will be held in Las Vegas (USA) on August 6-7, 2014. Externally, the device is a printed circuit board with a controller from NXP. According to the developers, the total cost of the components used is about $150. The device is connected to the car network through the diagnostic socket (OBD-II). The gadget, using special algorithms, analyzes the operation of units and nodes, and if suspicious commands or signals appear, they are blocked. The creators are going to tell more about their development at Black Hat 2014. It is clarified that the device designed to protect vehicles from hackers will not be introduced to the commercial market, and is only a demonstration of how you can secure a car from cyber attacks without serious investments. The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) claims to be unaware of any known case of consumer vehicle systems being compromised. A year ago, Miller and Valasek at Def Con 2013 presented a detailed report on the hacking of Ford Escape and Toyota Prius cars. Experts have shown that it is possible to gain control over the car (its steering, braking system, etc.) by connecting a laptop to the dashboard. "I'm not too worried about a browser hack that could end up stealing money from a credit card, but in the event of a car invasion, it's a matter of life and death. We would like to get rid of this problem," Chris Valasek told Reuters.

Other interesting news:

▪ The future of TVs - quantum dots and curved screens

▪ The steering will determine driver fatigue

▪ Notebook Toshiba Libretto W100

▪ New Freescale Digital Controllers

▪ New 8-bit flash microcontrollers

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Civil radio communications. Article selection

▪ article by George Herbert. Famous aphorisms

▪ article Where did church choir members survive by being late to class? Detailed answer

▪ article Administrative Assistant. Job description

▪ article Musical garlands. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Device for charging and forming accumulators. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024