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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
English for doctors. The urinary system (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 43. The urinary system The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, bladder, and excretory ducts (ureters and urethra) is formed mainly from mesodermal and endodermal derivatives with a smaller contribution from the ectoderm. Three separate systems form sequentially. The pronephros is vestigial; the mesonephros may function transiently, but then mainly disappears; the metanephros develops into the definitive kidney. The pronephric/ mesonephric ducts provide important contributions to the male reproductive system. The permanent excretory ducts are derived from the metanephric ducts, the uro-genital sinus, and surface ectoderm. Renal development is characterized by three successive, slightly over lapping kidney systems. Pronephros: Segmented nephrotomes appear in the cervical intermediate mesoderm of the embryo in the fourth week. These structures grow laterally and canalize to form nephric tubules. Successful tubules grow caudally and unite to form the pronephric duct, which empties into the cloaca. The first tubules formed regress before the last ones are formed. By the end of the fourth week, the pronephros disappears. Mesonephros: In the fifth week, the mesonephros appears as "S-shaped" tubules in the intermediate mesoderm of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the embryo. The medial end of each tubule enlarges to form a Bowman's capsule into which a tuft of capillaries, or glomerulus, invaginates. The lateral end of each tubule opens into the mesonephric (Wolffi-an) duct, an intermediate mesoderm derivative. Mesonephric tubules function temporarily and degenerate by the beginning of the third month. The mesonephric duct pesists in the male as the ductus epididymidis, ductus deferens, and the ejaculatory duct. Metanephros: During the fifth week, the metanephros, or permanent kidney, develops from two sources: the ureteric bud, a diverti-culum of the mesonephric duct, and the metanephric mas, from intermediate mesoderrn of the lumbar and sacral regions. The ureteric bud penetrates the metanephric mass, which cordenses around the diverti-culum to form the metanephrogen cap. The bud dilates to form the renal pelvis, which subsequently splits into the cranial and caudal major calyces. Each major calyx buds into the metanephric tissue to form the minor calyces. One-to-three million collecting tubules develop from the minor calyces, thus forming the renal pyramids. Penetration of collecting tubules into the metanephric mass induces cells of the tissue cap to form nephrons, or excretory units. The proximal nephron forms Bowman's capsule, wherea the distal nephron connects to a collecting tubule. Lengtheningy of the excretory tubule gives rise to the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule. The kidneys develop in the pelvis but appear to "ascend" into the abdomen as a result of fetal growth of the lumbar and sacral regions. With their ascent, the ureters elongate, and the kidneys become vascularized by lateral splanchnic arteries, which arises from the abdominal aorta. Bladder and urethra Adrenal glands lie The proximal nephron forms above the kidneys and are of dual origin. The cortex develops from the mesoderm of the coelomic epithelium, and the medulla is derived from neural crest cells, which migrate to the area and differentiate to form catecholami-ne-producing cells. Urorectal septum divides the cloaca into the ano-rectal canal and urogenital sinus by the seventh week. The upper and largest part of the urogenital sinus becomes the urinary bladder, which is initially continuous with the allantois. As the lumen of the allantois becomes obliterated, a fibrous cord, the urachus, connects the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus. In the adult, this structure becomes the median umbilical ligament. The mucosa of the trigone of the bladder is formed by the incorporation of the caudal me-sonephric ducts into the dorsal bladder wall. This mesodermal tissue is eventually replaced by endodermal epithelium so that the entire lining of the blade der is of endodermal origin. The smooth muscle of the bladder is derived from splanchnic mesoderm. Mile urethra is anatomically divided into three portions: prostatic membranous, and spongy (penile). The prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and proximal penile urethra develop from the narrow portion of the uro genital sinus below the urinary bladder. The distal spongy urethra is derived from the ectodermal cells of the glans penis. Fimale urethra: The upper two-thirds develops from the esonephric ducts, and the lower portion is derived from the genital sinus. The urinary system is the major system involved in the excretion of metabolic waste products and excess water from the body. It is also important in maintaining a homeostatic balance of fluids and electrolytes. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra. Urine is produced by the kidneys and is then transmit ted via the ureters to the bladder for temporary storage. The urethra is the final pathway that conveys urine to the exteri or. This system also has an important endocrine function in the production of renin and erythropoietin, which influence blood pressure and red blood cell (RBC) formation, respec tively. new words urinary system - urinary system consisting of - consisting of kidneys - kidneys bladder - bladder excretory ducts - excretory ducts mesodermal - mesodermal endodermal - endodermal derivatives - derivatives con contribution - contribution sequentially - sequentially pronephros - primary kidney vestigial - residual transiently - fleetingly definitive - categorical permanent - permanent duct - tubule bud - embryo to dilates - expand urogenital - urinary cloaca - cloaca anorectal canal - anarectal canal waste products - unnecessary products maintaining - maintaining a homeostatic balance - homeostatic balance fluids - fluids electrolytes - electrolytes Open the brackets using verbs in Past Simple, Past Continuous and Past Perfect. 1. When I called at his house, they (to tell) me that he (to leave) an hours before. 2. When I came to the station, I (not to) find my friend there as I (to be) five minutes late and the train (to leave). 3. He (to want) to visit the place where he (to live) in his childhood. 4. The telegram (to come) some minutes after he (to leave). 5. She (to look) very tired as she (to work) hard. 6. I (to return) to the hotel only late at night as I (to lose) my way in the fog. When I (to come) up to my room, I (to see) Pete who (to stand) at the door of the room. He (to wait) for me as he (to lose) his key and could not get in. 7. When I (to wake) up, it (to be) already ten o'clock. I (to call) my brother. Nobody (to answer). He already (to leave). 8. I (to go) up to the open window. The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine) brightly. The birds in the garden (to sing). The morning (to be) fine. 9. When the rain (to stop) I (to look) out of the window and (to see) John who (to stand) under a tree waiting for me. 10. Last night we (to go) to a football match. 11. We (to take) a bus. The bus (to be) full, of people as many people (to want) to see the match. 12. We (to get) off the bus and (to go) in the direction of the stadium. 13. While we (to cross) the road, I (to see) Victor. 14. He (to stand) at the corner. 15. He said he (to wait) for his friend who (to come) to St. Petersburg the day before and (to wish) to see the new stadium. 16. A man (to come) up to me and asked if I (to have) a spare ticket for-the match. 17. Victor told us that two boys just (to ask) him whether he (to have) a spare ticket. 18. We (to enter) the stadium just as the foot ball players (to come) out on to the field. 19. At the entrance to the stadium we (to meet) Sergei. 20. He (to show) us to our seats and we (to agree) to meet in the refreshment-room during the interval. He (to ask) me if I (to play) football in my childhood. Open the brackets using verbs in Past Simple, Past Continuous and Past Perfect. 1. I (to sit) in an armchair and (to think) of my coming trip across the North Sea when the door suddenly (to open) and an old friend of mine whom I (not to see) for a very long time ( to enter) the room. 2. She (to come) to see us just at the time when we (to have) dinner. It (to be) the first time I (to see) her. 3. I (to see) him just as he (to leave) the hotel. 4. I (not to see) him before we (to meet) at the concert. 5. He (to leave) the house before 1 (to have) time to ask him anything. 6. He (to tell) me he (to learn) it from the newspaper. 7. He (to enter) the room, (to take) something from the desk and (to go) out. 8. There (to be) two men in the room. One of them (to write) something while the other (to read) a newspaper. 9. He (not to tell) me that he (to receive) a telegram from her. 10. I (to ask) him if he (to know) where she (to live). I (to say) I (not to know) her address. 11. He (to ask) me if I (can) give him your address. 12. She (to say) that he (to give) her the wrong address. 13. I (to ask) him where he (to put) my letter. 14. He (to tell) us that they (to spend) all the money. 15. After spending several days in Paris he (to feel) lonely and (to want) to return home. 16. I (to think) he already (to go) home. 17. I (to find) the old man in the garden. He (to talk) to some child who (to stand) around listening to him. 18. He (to speak) a language we never (to hear) before. 19. Yesterday I (to look) at the sky for an hour. 20. Mandy (to read) a book the whole evening. Answer the questions. 1. What is the urinary system composed of? 2. How many separate systems form sequentially? 3. Is the pronephros vestigial? 4. How may mesonephros function? 5. How does metanephros develop? 6. How is the renal development characterized? 7. Where does the ureteric bud penetrate? 8. What does the proximal nephron form? 9. Where do the adrenal glands lie? 10. Into how many portions is the mile urethra anatomically divided? Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the Present Simple in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way? Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning): 1) a) kidney; b) head; c) urethra; 2) a) teeth; b) bladder; c) parenchyma; 3) a) cloaca; b) urogenital; c) nasal; 4) a) neck; b) pronephros; c) kidney; 5) a) liquid; b) cell; c) blood. Author: Elena Belikova << Back: Liver >> Forward: Kidney's
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