English for doctors. Respiratory bronchioles (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. Respiratory bronchioles (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE No. 32. Respiratory bronchioles

Respiratory bronchioles are areas of transition (hybrids) between the conducting and respiratory portions of the airways. In addition to the typical bronchiolar epithelium of the terminal bron chioles, these passageways contain outpouchings of alveoli, which comprise the respiratory portion of this system.

Terminal bronchioles give rise to respiratory bronchioles.

Respiratory bronchioles branch to form two to three alveolar ducts, which are long sinuous tubes.

Alveolar sacs are spaces formed by two or more conjoined alveoli. They are lined by the simple squamous alveolar epithe lium. Alveoli are the terminal, thin-walled sacs of the respiratory tree that are responsible for gas exchange. There are approximately 300 million alveoli per lung, each one 200-300 mm in diameter. blood-air interface. Oxygen in the alveoli is separated from hemoglobin in the red blood cells of alveolar capillaries by five layers of membrane and cells: the alveolar epithelial cell (api cal and basal membranes) and its basal lamina, the basal lami na of the capillary and its endothelial cell (basal and apical membranes), and the erythrocyte membrane. The total thickness of all these layers can be as thin as 0,5 mm.

Alveolar epithelium contains two cell types. Type I cells completely cover the alveolar luminal surface and provide a thin surface for gas exchange. This simple squamous epithelium is so thin (-25 nm) that its details are beyond the resolution of the light microscope.

Type II cells are rounded, plump, cuboidal-like cells that sit on the basal lamina of the epithelium and contain membrane-bound granules of phospholipid and protein (lamel lar bodies). The contents of these lamellar bodies are secreted onto the alveolar surface to provide a coating of surfactant that reduces alveolar surface tension.

Alveolar macrophages (dust cells) are found on the surface of the alveoli.

Derived from monocytes that extravasate from alveolar capillaries, alveotar macrophages are part of the mononu - clear phagocyte system. Dust cells, as their name implies continuously, remove particles and other irritants in the alveoli by phagocytosis.

new words

respiratory bronchioles - respiratory bronchioles

transition - transition hybrids - hybrids

respiratory portions - respiratory parts

airways - airways

in addition - in addition

bronchiolar - bronchiolar

terminal bron chioles - terminal bronchioles

passageways

tocomprise - enable

branch - branch

ducts - tubules

sinuous tubes - sinuous tubes

to be lined by - to be lined up

simple - simple

thin-walled - surrounded by a thin wall sacs - pouches

respiratory tree - respiratory tree

responsible - responsible

approximately - approximately

hemoglobin - hemoglobin

apical - apical basal - main

Few:

little (singular)

few (plural)

Translate the following pairs of words into English.

Few houses, few tea, few cups, few apples, few windows, little paper, little coffee, few articles, little joy, little soup, few trees, little grass, few children, few toys, little light, few desks, little sausage , little juice, few books, few flowers, little salt, few friends, few palaces.

Insert little or few.

1. I have... time.

2. He has. English books.

3. There is. in my pen. Have you got anytink?

4. There aren't... bear in the zoo.

5. Tom Canty was the son of poor parents and had very. clothes.

6. There is too... soup in my plate.

7. The. children returned from the wood very sad.

8. There is too. light in the room.

9. There are very. people in the room.

10. There are. vegetables in the basket.

Answer the questions.

1. What are respiratory bronchioles?

2. Between what are there areas of respiratory bronchi?

3. What are the passageways xontain?

4. What comprises the respiratory portion of the system?

5. What bronchioles give to respiratory bronchioles?

6. What are long sinuous tubes?

7. What are alveolar sacs?

8. How are alveolar sacs lined by?

9. What are alveolar sacs formed by?

10. How many alveoli per lung are there?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Make the sentences of your own using: little, few (10 sentences).

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1) a) part; b) complete; c) portion;

2) a) skin; b) breastbone; c) tissue;

3) a) hearing; b)ear; c) breathing;

4) a) fever; b) temperature; c) health;

5) a) neck; b) bronchi; c) trachea.

Author: Elena Belikova

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