English for doctors. Matter (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. Matter (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE #6

Matter is anything that occupies space, possesses mass and can be perceived by our sense organs. It exists in nature in three, usually inter convertible physical states: solids, liquids and gases. For instance, ice, water and steam are respectively the solid, liquid and gaseous states of water. Things in the physical world are made up of a relatively small number of basic materials combined in various ways. The physical material of which everything that we can see or touch is made is matter. Matter exists in three different states: solid, liquid and gaseous. Human senses with the help of tools allow us to determine the properties of matter. Matter can undergo a variety of changes - physical and chemical, natural and controlled.

Chemistry and physics deal with the study of matter, its properties, changes and transformation with energy. There are two kinds of properties: physical - color, taste, odour, density, hardness, solubility and ability to conduct electricity and heat; in solids the shape of their crystals is significant, freezing and boiling points of liquids.

Chemical properties are the changes in composition undergone by a substance when it is subject to various conditions. The various changes may be physical and chemical. The physical properties are temporary. In a chemical change the composition of the substance is changed and new products are formed. Chemical properties are permanent.

It is useful to classify materials as solid, liquid or gas (though water, for example, exists as solid (ice), as liquid (water) and as gas (water vapor). The changes of state described by the terms solidify (freeze ), liquify (melt), vapourise (evaporate) and condense are examples of physical changes. material.It is usually easy to reverse a physical change.

new words

matter - matter

anything - everything

to occupy - occupy

space - space

to possesses - own, possess

mass - mass

sense - feeling

organ - organ

steam - steam

to exist - to exist

can - be able

to undergo - to expose

variety - diversity

change - change

physical - physical

chemical - chemical

natural - natural

transformation - transformation

color - color

taste - taste

odour - smell

density - density

hardness - hardness

solubility - solubility

ability - ability

to conduct - conduct

permanent - permanent

There is a huge number of so-called frozen phrases in which the article is used or absent traditionally. These phrases have to be learned by heart.

Remember the following constructions.

There is a...

Where is the...?

Remember also the following sentences.

The (book) is on the (table).

Ho: The (book) is on a little (table).

Insert an article where necessary.

1. Where is... soup? -... soup is in... big saucepan on... gas-cooker.

2. Where are...cut lets? -... cutlets are in... refrigerator on... lit plate.

3. There is no... bread on... table. Where In...bread?

4. There is... little brown coffee-table in our... room in... front of... sofa.

5. Where is... table in your... room?

6. There is... thick carpet on... floor in my mother's room.

7. Is your brother at... home? - No, he is at... work. He works at... big factory. He is... engineer.

8. My sister has many... books... books are in... big bookcase.

9... weather is fine today. Let's go and play in... yard.

10. There are many... children in... yard. They are playing with... ball.

11. Where is... cat? -... cat is on... sofa.

12. Where is... book? -... book is on... shelf.

13. Where are... flowers? -... flowers are in... beautiful vase.

14. Where is... vase? -... vase is on... little table near... window.

15. Open... win dow, please... weather is fine today.

16. I can see... sun in... sky. I can see... nice little bird... bird is sitting in... big tree... tree is green.

17. There is... little white cloud in... sky.

18. We have. large room.

19. There is... big sofa in... room and... little lamp on... wall over... sofa.

20. I like to sit on... sofa and read... good book.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the matter?

2. What does it matter to occupy?

3. Where does matter exist?

4. What are things in the physical world made up of?

5. What states does matter exist in?

6. What can matter undergo?

7. How many kinds of properties are there?

8. Are chemical properties permanent?

9. What may the various changes be?

10. Is it easy to reverse a physical change?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1) a) nothing; b) anything; c) everything

2) a) sense; b) feeling; c) gas;

3) a) ring; b) odor; c) taste;

4) a) color; b) green; c) table;

5) a) feet; b) arms; c) molecule.

Author: Elena Belikova

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