English for doctors. Heart (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

English for doctors. Heart (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

LECTURE #21

The heart is a muscular organ, composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue, which contracts rhythmically to pump blood throughout the body. Structure of the heart wall: the walls of the heart are constructed in layers that are similar to those of the major blood vessels.

Endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart and is lined with endothelium. Veins, nerves, and components of the impulse conducting system are present in the subendocardial connective tissue layer.

Myocardium is composed of branching, anastomotic cardiac myocytes attached to one another by intercalated disks. most of these cells are involved in the pumping function of the heart; others are specialized for the control of rhythmicity (impulse conducting system) or secretion (myocardial endocrine cells).

Epicardium is a serous membrane that forms the visceral lining of the pericardium. Its external mesothelium is supported by a loose connective tissue subepicardial layer.

The cardiac skeleton is composed mainly of dense connective tissue and consists of the annuli fibrosi, the trigonum fibrosum, and the septum membranaceum.

Cardiac valves are composed of dense fibrous tissue covered by endothelium. Unidirectional flow is maintained from the.

Right atrium to the right ventricle (tricuspid valve).

Right ventricle to the pulmonary artery (pulmonic semilunar valve). Left atrium to the left ventricle (mitral/bicuspid valve).

Left ventricle to the aorta (aortic semilunar valve).

Tricuspid and mitral valves are attached to papillary muscles by cords of fibrous connective tissue (chordae tendineae) and prevent reflux of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction (systole). Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonic) prevent reflux of blood back into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation (diastole).

Impulse conducting system of the heart consists of specialized cardiac myocytes that are characterized by automaticity and rhythmicity (ie, they are independent of nervous stimulation and possess the ability to initiate heart beats). These specialized cells are located in the si-noatrial (SA) node (pacemaker), intern-odal tracts, atrioventricular (AV) node, AV bundle (of His), left and right bundle branches, and numerous smaller branches to the left and right ventricular walls. Impulse conducting ing myocytes are in electrical contact with each other and with normal contractile myocytes via communicating (gap) junctions. Specialized wide-diameter impulse conducting cells (Purkinje myocytes), with greatly reduced myofilament components, are well-adapted to increase conduction velocity. They rapidly deliver the wave of depolarization to ventricular myocytes.

new words

heart - heart

muscular - muscular

cardiac - cardiac

which - which

contract - contract

rhythmically - rhythmically

to pump - download

endocardium - endocardium

innermost - the innermost

components - components

conducting system - conducting system

to present - represent

subendocardial - intracardiac

impulse

fibrosi - fibrous rings

Remember the following frozen phrases.

What's the use?

At the cinema

At the theater

At the shop

At the market

To the cinema

To the theater

To the shop

To the market

To go for a walk

Insert an article where necessary.

1. Once there lived... man who was very fond of fold.

2. He used to say: "While I have my gold, I am... happiest man in... world."

3. And so all his life saved... money.

4. One day he was traveling in... desert of... North Africa.

5. He lost his way.. He had no... food or... water.

6. He was almost dying of... hunger.

7.. heat was terrible.

8. There were only... stones and... sand around.

9. What is. use of gold?

10. Let's go to... shop. I must buy...bread and milk.

11. I was at... cinema yesterday.

12.What. film did you see?

13. Oh, I saw... very good film.

14. Ithink it is... best film of... year.

15. Do you oft go to... theater?

16. No, I don't. I like to go to. theatre, but I. very busy.

17. I work from... morning till... night.

18. I even have no... time to play piano.

19... lot of... tourists from... different countries come to... Paris.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the muscular organ?

2. What is heart primarily composed of?

3. What is the structure of the heart wall?

4. What is endocardium?

5. What is endocardium lined?

6. What are present in the subendocardial connective tissue layer?

7. What is myocardium composition?

8. What is cardiac skeleton composed of?

9. What are cardiac valves composed of?

10. What do rapidly deliver the wave of depolarization to ventricular myocytes?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

Author: Elena Belikova

<< Back: fakes

>> Forward: Lungs

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ normal physiology. Lecture notes

▪ Theory of accounting. Crib

▪ Faculty Therapy. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Potato milk 27.01.2018

A researcher from the University of Lund (Sweden), Eva Thornberg, took up the development of potato milk. One of the motives for creating the drink is allergy. In Norway, 1-3% of the population suffers from allergies to milk and dairy products. People with lactose intolerance need an alternative replacement.

"One of the concerns is the fortification of milk from potatoes with essential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are mainly found in fatty fish," said Eva Thornberg.

Omega-3 acids are useful in that they eliminate the negative effects of harmful fatty acids and neutralize their oxidation products in the human body. It is technically difficult to convert a vegetable base into a creamy product such as milk. This is because plant proteins are more difficult to extract than animal proteins.

Thornberg discovered that creaminess can be achieved when the protein and starch in potatoes are heated in a certain way and mixed with canola oil, which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids.

According to the scientist, potato milk will contain 6% rapeseed oil. This means that 250 ml of alternative milk will cover half of the daily requirement of omega-3. In addition, the new dairy product does not contain allergens. In the future, potato milk will be marketed as an alternative to regular milk, yogurt, cream and ice cream.

The drink has already been tested in laboratory conditions, so it will probably go on sale this year. At first, most likely, it will be a cocktail of potato milk with apple juice and fruit.

The method of making the emulsion is patented under the name of Veg of Lund.

Other interesting news:

▪ Rigid steel and composite glass sails

▪ superionic ice

▪ Chameleon tanks

▪ Use of film costumes for disease research

▪ potato battery

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Microcontrollers. Article selection

▪ article flying saucers. Tips for a modeler

▪ article What is skin? Detailed answer

▪ article Asparagus officinalis. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Small-sized transceiver antenna of the 27 MHz band. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Method for measuring the filament voltage of a kinescope. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews