English for doctors. Nasal cavities (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. Nasal cavities (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE No. 34. Nasal cavities

The anatomical structures that play a central role in the res piratory system are located in the head and neck as well as the thorax.

Nasal cavities are separated by the nasal septum, which consists of the vomer, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, and the septal cartilage. The lateral wall of each nasal cavity features three scroll-shaped bony structures called the nasal conchae. The nasal cavities communicate posteriorly with the nasopharynx through the choanae. The spaces inferior to each concha are called meatus. The paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct open to the meat. The inferior concha is a separate bone, and the superior and middle conchae are parts of the ethmoid bone.

Inferior meatus. The only structure that opens to the inferior meatus is the nasolacrimal duct. This duct drains lacrimal fluid (ie, tears) from theTneaTaraspect of the orbit to the nasal cavity.

Middle meatus: the hiatus semilumaris contains openings of frontal and maxillary sinuses and americy ethmoidal air cells. The bulla ethmoidalis contains the opening for'the middle ethmoidal air cells.

Superior meatus contains an opening for thffposterior ethmoidal air cells.

Sphenoethmoidal recess is located above the superior concha and contains an opening for the sphenoid sinus.

Innervation: Somatic innervation. General sensory information from the lateral wall and septum of the nasal cavity is conveyed to the CNS by branches of V, and V2.

Autonomic innervation. Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are destined to supply the glands of the nasal mucosa and the lacrimal gland travel in the nervus intermedius and the greater superficial petrosal branches of the facial nerve (CN VII). These fibers synapse in the pte-rygopalatine ganglion, which is located in the pterygopalatine fossa. Postganglionic fibers traveling to the mucous glands of the nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses, hard and soft palate, and the lacrimal gland follow branches of V2 and in some cases V1, to reach their destinations.

new words

anatomical - anatomical play - game

central role - central role

respiratory system - respiratory system

head - head

neck - neck

nasal cavities - nasal cavities

to be separated - to be separated

the perpendicular plate - perpendicular plate

ethmoid - slatted

septal - pertaining to the septum

nasal conchae - nasal concha

communicate - interact

posteriorly - behind

paranasal - paranasal

sinuses - sinuses

nasolacrimal - nasolacrimal

duct - tubule

drain - duct

tears - tears

orbit - orbit

hiatus - pause

maxillary - maxillary

bulla - bubble

Put the verb to be in the correct form by filling in the blanks.

1. I... a pupil.

2. My father... not a teacher, he... a scientist.

3...your sister a teacher?

4. Mary... a painter.

5... are they at home?

6. My father. a worker.

7. She... at work.

8... are you a doctor?

9. He... a pilot.

10. We... students.

11. They... carpenters.

12... are they at home?

13. they... not at home

14. He... at work.

15...your sister a typist?

16...your brother at school?

17...your sister in the cabinet?

18. My sister... at home.

19... this your cat?

20. She... an actress.

21. This... my bag.

22. He... professor.

23. Helen... a singer.

24...you an engineer?

25. He... Russian.

Translate into English using the verb to be in the Present Simple.

1. I am a student. I am at school.

2. My brother is an artist. He is not an engineer.

3. My sister is at work. She is a doctor.

4. He is a student, not a teacher.

5. Are you a student? - No, I'm a student.

6. My sister is at home. She is ill.

7. We are not at school. We're home.

8. My brother is a student. He is at school.

9. Is your mother at home? - No she is at work.

10. Is your cousin at home? - No, he's at school.

11. Is your sister healthy now? Yes, she's healthy.

12. Is your sister a teacher? - No, she is a student.

13. Is your dad at work? No, he's at the cottage.

14. Is your sister a typist? - Yes. She is a typist.

15. My mother is not a teacher. She is a doctor.

16. Whose pen is this? - This is my pen.

17. Whose book is this? - It is your book.

18. Whose table is this? - This is my brother's table.

19. Whose bag is this? - This is my mother's bag.

20. Whose pencil is this? - This is my sister's pencil.

21. Is this your notebook? Yes, this is my notebook.

22. Is this your brother's notebook? - No, it's mine.

23. Where is your desk? - He is in the middle of the room.

24. Where is your pen? - It's in my pocket.

25. Where is your notebook? - She is on the table.

26. My grandfather is not a scientist, he is a geologist.

Answer the questions.

1. What is the cell made of?

2. What is a membrane?

3. Is the cell the smallest independent unit of the body?

4. What can be grown in test - tubes?

5. What can various tissues form, when they are together?

6. What are the organ system composed of?

7. What are cells characterized by?

8. What are cell organelles?

9. What membranes?

10. What is the cytoplasm?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1) a) cell; b) body; c) flower;

2) a) life; b) plate; c) people;

3) a) test-tube; b) microscope; c)pen;

4) a) curtain; b) body; c) tissue;

5) a) spoon; b) kidney; c) liver.

Author: Elena Belikova

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