English for doctors. The kidneys function (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. The kidneys function (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE No. 45. The kidneys function

The kidneys are filters which remove waste products from the blood. In the human each is a bean-shaped organ, some four inches long and about two inches wide. The two are situated high up on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum and in front of the lats ribs and the upper two lunbar transverse processes. Each is invested by a fibrous capsule surrounded by more or less perinephric fat. On the upper pole of each is a supra-renal gland. On the medical side is a notch called the hilum where the vessels and the ureter are attached.

Vertical selections through a kidney reveals three more or less concentric zones. The other light-colored zone is the renal cortex, within this is the darker renal medulla and within this again is a space - the renal sinus which is normally occurred by a fibrous bag called the renal pelvis. The pelvis opens below into the ureter. The cortex extends forwards in a series of renal columns which divide the medulla into a number of renal pyramids. Each pyramid has a free rounded projection - a renal papilla - which lies in a cap - like extension, of the pelvis cal led a renal calyx. The pelvis is lined by transitioual epithelium, which extends the calyces and covers the papillae.

Within the cortex each minute artery presents along its course a convoluted knot, called a glomerulus; the branch which enters the knot is the afferent vessel, that which leaves is she efferent vessel. Each glo-merulus project into the dilated end of its corresponding renal tubule, from which it is separated by a thin layer of cells called glomerular (Bowman" s) capsule; glomerulus plus capsule form a renal (Nalpighi-an) corpuscle. The cortex contains multitudes of such corpuscles, each giving rise to a tubule which passes down into the medulla and back again in the so-called loop of Henle. Back in, the cortex loop ends in a functional tubule which joins a larger collecting tube. Ultimately , a number of collecting tubes combine to form an excretory tube, which opens at the arex of a papilla into a renal calyx. The efferent vessel from the glomerulus accompanies the loop of Henle, supplying the tubule on the way and finally ends in a small vein. A renal corpuscule plus its complement of tubules and blood vessels is called a renal unit, or nephron; there are said to be one million such units in each kidney, their tubing totaling a length of some twenty miles.

new words

kidney - kidney waste - waste

bean-shaped organ - bean-shaped organ

four inches long

two inches wide

posterior - rear

peritoneum - peritoneum

ribs - ribs

lumbar - lumbar

transverse - peppered

perinephric - perinephric

supra-renal gland - adrenal gland

notch - cut

hilum - gate (organ)

renal cortex - cortical layer

renal medulla - medulla

fibrous - fibrous

renal pelvis - renal pelvis

calyces - cups

convoluted - intricate

dilated - extended

to be separated - to be separated

loop of henle - Shumlyansky-Henle loop

Open the brackets using verbs in Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect.

1. They (to tell) me yesterday that you (to get) an excellent mark.

2. When you (to receive) a let ter from your friend?

3. Our grandmother (to cook) dinner from twelve till three yesterday.

4. Look! What beautiful flowers she (to buy)!

5. They (to travel) along the coast of Africa last year.

6. We (not to see) each other for ages.

7. They (to eat) all the apples which I (to bring).

8. When the children (to have) dinner, they (to go) for a walk.

9. Last summer we (to live) in the country and (to go) to the river every day.

10. My sister (to spend) a lot of money yesterday.

11. She is so upset: she (to lose) the key to the front door.

12. By the 1st of September all the children (to return) from the country.

13. Columbus (to discover) America 500 years ago.

14. Columbus (not to know) that he (to discover) America.

15. I already (to read) five English books.

16. He (to discuss) the problem with a lot of people before he (to take) a decision.

17. Mother (to bake) a delicious cake! Sit down at the table and let's eat it!

18. She (to read) an Eng lish book the whole evening yesterday.

19. I never (to be) to Greece.

20. You ever (to be) to the Nia gara Falls?

21. At this time yesterday they (to sit) on the sofa and (to listen) to their grandmother who (to tell) them fairy-tales.

22. My friend just (to ring) me up from London.

23. I (to stand) at the tram-stop when it (to begin) raining.

24. We (not to skate) since last winter.

25. We (to go) to the country every year.

Open the brackets using verbs in one of the following tenses: Present, Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous; Present, Past Perfect.

1. We (to go) to school every day.

2. Nick (to do) his home-work by seven o'clock yesterday.

3. You (to help) your father tomorrow?

4. We (to bring) a lot of berries from the wood. Now we shall make jam.

5. Look! Jane (to swim) across the river.

6. What did you (to do) at six o'clock yesterday?

7. You ever (to see) the Pyramids?

8. I (to go) to the Caucasus two years ago.

9. When Nick (to come) home yesterday, his mother (to return) and (to cook) dinner in the kitchen.

10. When I (to go) to school yesterday, I suddenly (to remember) that I (to for get) to take mine English exercise-book.

11. Yester day grandfather (to tell) us how he (to work) at the factory during the war.

12. I always (to come) to school at a quarter to nine.

13. Yesterday I (to come) to school at ten minutes utes to nine.

14. Tomorrow Nick (not to go) to the cinema because he (to go) to the cinema yesterday.

15. He already (to be) to the cinema this week. Look! He (to cry).

16. What does your brother (to do) now?

17. When you (come) to see me? - I (to come) tomorrow.

18. I (not like) apples. And you (to like) them?

19. He (to come) home in the evening yesterday.

20. I (to ring) you as soon as I can.

21. I (to show) my pets if you like.

22. Now he (to try) to help his father in the garden.

23. I (to send) you a telegram tomorrow.

24. When I (to home) home yesterday, my brother (to sleep).

25. You (to visit) the United States of America next year?

Answer the questions.

1. What are the kidneys?

2. What filters do?

3. What form do kidneys have?

4. How are the kidneys wide and long?

5. Where are the kidneys located in the human's body?

6. Where opens the pelvis?

7. How a convoluted vascular knot is called?

8. Where does each glomerulus project?

9. What glomerulus and capsule form?

10. What is nephron composed of?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1. a) book; b) kidney; c) liver;

2. a) library; b) filters; c) waste;

3. a) peritoneum; b) telephone; c) ribs;

4. a) gland; b) hilum; c) glass;

5. a) apple; b) glomerulus; c) cortex.

Author: Elena Belikova

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