English for doctors. History of medicine (lecture notes)

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English for doctors. History of medicine (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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INTRODUCTORY LECTURE History of medicine

Medicine is among the most ancient of human occupations. It began as an art and gradually developed into a science over the centuries. There are 3 main stages in medical development: Medicine of Ancient Civilizations, Medicine of Middle Ages and Modern Medicine.

Early man, like the animals, was subject to illness and death. At that time medical actions were mostly a part of ceremonial rituals. The medicine-man practiced magic to help people who were ill or had a wound. New civilizations, which developed from early tribes, began to study the human body, its anatomic composition. Magic still played an important part in treating but new practical methods were also developing. The early Indians, eg, set fractures and practiced aromatherapy. The Chinese were pioneers of immunization and acupuncture. The contribution of the Greeks in medicine was enormous. An early leader in Greek medicine was Aesculapius. His daughters, Hygeia and Panacea gave rise to dynasties of healers (curative medicine) and hygienists (preventive medicine). The division in curative and preventive medicine is true today. The ethical principles of a physician were summarized by another Greek, Hippocrates. They are known as Hippocrates Oath.

The next stage of Medicine's development was the Middle Ages. A very important achievement of that time was the hospital. The first ones appeared in the 15th century in Oriental countries and later in Europe. Another advance of the Middle Ages was the foundation of universities during the 13-14th centuries. Among other disciplines students could study medicine. During the 18th century new discoveries were made in chemistry, anatomy, biology, other sciences. The advances of that time were invention of the stethoscope (by Rene Laennec), vaccination for smallpox, discovery of anesthetics and development of immunology and scientific surgery.

The next century is the rise of bacteriology. Important discoveries were made by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. The development of scientific bacteriology made possible advances in surgery: using antiseptics and control of wound infection.

Medicine in the 20th century made an enormous contribution in the basic medical sciences. These are discovery of blood groups and vitamins, invention of insulin and penicillin, practice of plastic surgery and transplantation.

new words

medicine - medicine

ancient - ancient

human - human

occupation - occupation

art - art

to develop - develop

science - science

century - century

civilization - civilization

Middle ages - Middle Ages

modern - modern

animal - animal

subject - subject

illness - a disease

death - death

contribution

discovery - discovery

blood - blood

Articles

Every common noun must be preceded by an article. In English, there are two types of articles: indefinite (indefinite) "A", "AN" and definite (definite) "THE". If the word is used for the first time, the indefinite article "A", "AN" is used. The definite article "THE" is used the second and subsequent times. The article is not used if the noun is preceded by a possessive or demonstrative pronoun, another noun in the possessive case, cardinal number or negation of "io".

Insert an article where necessary.

1. This is... book. It's my... book.

2. Is this your... pencil? No, it is not my pencil, it is my sister's pencil.

3. I have... sister. My... sister is... engineer. My sister's... husband is... doctor.

4. I have no. handbag.

5. Is this... watch?

▪ No, it isn't... watch, it's... pen.

6. This... pen is good, and that... pen is bad.

7. I can see pencil on your... table, but I can see pencil on, but I can see no... paper.

8. Give me... chair, please.

9. They have... dogs and two... cats.

10. I have... spoon in my... plate, but I have no... soup in it.

Answer the questions.

1. When did the history of medicine begin?

2. How did it begin?

3. How many of the main stages are there in the history of medicine?

4. What practices medicine-men?

5. What role did magic play at those times?

6. Who began to study medicine?

7. Who were the pioneers of immunization and acupuncture?

8. Who was the early leader in Greek medicine?

9. When did the first hospitals appear?

10. What did Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch discover?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (find one word that is slightly different from others in meaning):

1) a) medicine; b) theater; c) doctor;

2) a) patient; b) lamp c) pain;

3) a) dance; b) science; c) studying;

4) a) mushroom; b) human; c) man;

5) a) age; b) age; c) honey.

Author: Elena Belikova

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