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Garland on lamp and semiconductor indicators. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Color and music installations, garlands

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Amateurs involved in the disposal of old equipment accumulate a number of different LEDs.

From these LEDs, you can make small garlands for desktop Christmas trees. As switches for LED garlands, you can use old-fashioned neon lamps (Fig. 1) or special switching ones, for example, MTX-90, TX-04B and the like.

Garland on lamp and semiconductor indicators

Such lamps can successfully switch most modern LEDs. Outdated LEDs are too "gluttonous" and do not shine well when the lamp switching is in good working order. The number of small-sized LEDs in each garland can reach 12, but the brightest element in the garland will, of course, be a neon lamp.

The capacitor may be electrolytic. It can be replaced by two capacitors of the same type with a capacity of 2 μPH50 V, connected in series (Fig. 2).

Garland on lamp and semiconductor indicators

The number of garlands connected to one rectifier diode can reach 10 or more (one garland consumes a current of about 20 mA). The garlands in this scheme blink randomly, and the children do not get tired of looking at them.

The neon indicator lamp, despite its simplicity, is a dual-purpose device and, in addition to its direct functions, can perform the function of an automatic switch. So it's too early to send the lamps to the landfill and consign them to oblivion.

Author: Y. Bearded

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Marine fish are toxic and carcinogenic 29.07.2013

It turns out that many seafood, which we consider environmentally friendly and healthy, are literally saturated with toxins, primarily plastic components.

This unpleasant conclusion was made by scientists from the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Scientists studied the behavior of large predatory fish in the waters around Hawaii and found that marine predators swallow an incredible amount of pieces of plastic and other debris that people throw into the sea. Such studies were carried out for the first time, previously scientists only touched on the accumulation of the most prominent carcinogens, previously scientists only touched on the accumulation of the most prominent carcinogens during the life of marine predators. A new study shows that the problem is much more serious than previously thought. More attention needs to be paid to the spread of toxins from marine litter into groundwater and the food chain, which can eventually bring dangerous chemicals to the dinner table.

Over a six-year study period, the scientists examined the stomach contents of 595 fish from 10 open-ocean predatory species, including commercially valuable tuna and billfish. As a result, various pieces of debris were found in the stomachs of 7 out of 10 fish species. It occurred with varying degrees of frequency in different species, but the almost universal "littering" of valuable commercial fish is a cause for concern.

So, one of the fish species, the common opah (Lampris guttatus), is eaten not only in Hawaii, but throughout the world. At the same time, two species of these fish living in Hawaiian waters were found to be contaminated with garbage: out of 140 studied fish, 58% of small-eyed opah and 43% of large-eyed fish ate plastic. Another representative of large fish, Alepisaurus ferox, was "littered" in 30% of cases. This type of fish is not so often used as food, but it is common in the world's oceans and to some extent reflects the global picture.

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