Money. Credit. Banks. Modern banking system of the Russian Federation, its structure (lecture notes)

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Money. Credit. Banks. Modern banking system of the Russian Federation, its structure (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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The modern banking system of the Russian Federation, its structure.

Banking system The Russian Federation includes the Central Bank of Russia, credit institutions, their associations, as well as branches and representative offices of foreign banks.

Credit organisation - a legal entity that, in order to make a profit as the main goal of its activity, on the basis of a special permit (license) of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, has the right to carry out banking operations. A credit organization is formed on the basis of any form of ownership as a business entity.

Bank - a credit institution that has the exclusive right to carry out in the aggregate the following Bank operations: attracting deposits of funds from individuals and legal entities, placing these funds on their own behalf and at their own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.

Non-bank credit organization - a credit institution that has the right to carry out certain banking operations. Permissible combinations of banking operations for non-banking credit institutions are established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

foreign bank - a bank recognized as such under the laws of a foreign state in whose territory it is registered.

Credit institutions can create unions and associations, not pursuing the goal of making a profit, to protect and represent the interests of their members, coordinate their activities, develop interregional and international relations, satisfy scientific, informational and professional interests, develop recommendations for banking activities and solving other joint tasks of credit institutions. Unions and associations of credit organizations are prohibited from carrying out banking operations.

Groups of credit institutions are formed to solve joint problems (joint implementation of banking operations) by concluding an appropriate agreement between two or more credit institutions.

holdings are formed by obtaining by a credit institution (the main credit institution), by virtue of its predominant participation in the authorized capital of one or more credit institutions or in accordance with an agreement concluded with one or more credit institutions, the opportunity to determine the decisions taken by these credit institutions.

Between the elements of the Russian banking system, two types of legal relations can be distinguished:

1) between commercial banks;

2) between the Central Bank and commercial banks. Moreover, in the first case, legal relations ensure coordination between these elements of the system, and in the second case they develop into relations of power and subordination that ensure the integrity of the entire system.

Relations within the banking system are built either on the basis of agreements or on the basis of regulations at various levels. Credit institutions can, on a contractual basis, place funds with each other in the form of deposits, loans, make settlements through correspondent accounts opened with each other, and perform other mutual transactions (for more details, see Shevchuk D.A. Banking operations. Principles. Control. Profitability. Risks. - M.: GrossMedia: ROSBUH, 2007).

Regulation of banking organizations

In order to ensure the economic conditions for the stable functioning of the banking system of the Russian Federation, protect the interests of depositors and creditors, and in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)" (adopted on June 27, 2002), the Central Bank of the Russian Federation establishes the following obligatory economic standards for the activities of banks:

▪ the minimum amount of authorized capital for newly created banks;

▪ minimum amount of own funds (capital) for operating banks;

▪ capital adequacy standards;

▪ liquidity standards for banks;

▪ maximum risk per borrower or group of related borrowers;

▪ maximum size of large credit risks;

▪ maximum amount of risk per creditor (depositor);

▪ the maximum amount of loans, guarantees and guarantees provided by the bank to its participants (shareholders, shareholders) and insiders;

▪ the maximum amount of attracted monetary deposits from the population;

▪ the maximum amount of the bank's bill obligations;

▪ standard for using banks’ own funds for

▪ acquisition of shares (shares) of other legal entities. Mandatory standards:

▪ maximum size of the non-monetary part of the authorized capital;

▪ the minimum amount of reserves created for high-risk assets; the extent of currency, interest and other risks are established by separate regulations of the Bank of Russia.

In order to ensure financial reliability, a credit institution is obliged to create reserves (funds), including for the depreciation of securities, the procedure for the formation and use of which is established by the Bank of Russia. The minimum amounts of reserves (funds) are established by the Bank of Russia. The amount of deductions to reserves (funds) from profit before taxation is established by federal tax laws.

A credit institution is obliged to carry out the classification of assets, separating doubtful and bad debts, and create reserves (funds) to cover possible losses in the manner established by the Bank of Russia.

A credit institution is obliged to comply with the mandatory ratios established in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)". The numerical values of the mandatory ratios are established by the Bank of Russia in accordance with the said Federal Law.

A credit institution is obliged to organize internal control that ensures an appropriate level of reliability corresponding to the nature and scale of operations (for more details, see Shevchuk D.A. Banking Operations. Principles. Control. Profitability. Risks. - M .: GrossMedia: ROSBUH, 2007).

Interbank relations and customer service. Interbank transactions

Credit institutions on a contractual basis may attract and place funds from each other in the form of deposits (deposits), loans, carry out settlements through settlement centers and correspondent accounts opened in accordance with the established procedure, opened with each other, and perform other mutual operations provided for by licenses issued by Bank of Russia.

The credit institution informs the Bank of Russia on a monthly basis of newly opened correspondent accounts in the Russian Federation and abroad.

Correspondent relations between a credit institution and the Bank of Russia are carried out on a contractual basis.

Funds are debited from the accounts of a credit institution by its order or with its consent, with the exception of cases provided for by federal law.

If there is a shortage of funds for lending to customers and fulfilling the obligations assumed, the credit institution may apply for loans to the Bank of Russia on the conditions determined by it.

Author: Shevchuk D.A.

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