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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Money. Credit. Banks. Credit consulting (providing consulting services on lending) (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Credit consulting (provision of consulting services on lending) Learning from books - effectively, economically. Reading books is prestigious, modern, profitable. Knowledge is also capital, which is always with you. Smart people live longer. The mortality rate of people with a high level of education is four times lower than that of people with little education. Manager - hired manager, boss! If you do not have a single subordinate - you are not a manager, but a maximum specialist! The specialization of companies providing consulting services can be different: from narrow, limited to any one direction of consulting services (for example, audit), to the widest, covering the full range of services in this area. Accordingly, each specialist (or each company) working in this field, puts the concept of consulting in its own meaning and gives it its own shade, determined by the direction of a particular company. Credit consulting - provision of consulting services in the field of attracting credit and investment financing for legal entities and individuals. Credit consulting is a new type of business that is actively spreading today. Considering the ever-increasing interest of our clients in funds attracted from outside for business development, an objective need arose for the development of such a type of service as credit counseling. Along with this, the offer of various credit programs by banks is also growing. Each of them not only offers the client special conditions, but also requires him to provide a completely specific set of documents and guarantees. It is becoming more and more difficult for a potential recipient of a loan to navigate independently in this area and it is becoming easier to get lost in this stream. Consulting is a type of intellectual activity, the main task of which is to analyze, justify the prospects for the development and use of scientific, technical and organizational and economic innovations, taking into account the subject area and client problems. Consulting solves the issues of management, economic, financial, investment activities of organizations, strategic planning, optimization of the overall functioning of the company, doing business, research and forecasting sales markets, price movements, etc. In other words, consulting is any assistance provided by external consultants, in solving a particular problem. There may be other situations when it is better to invite a consultant. The common criteria for all of them are: ▪ Presence of a problem; ▪ Lack of time or human resources to solve the problem; ▪ Lack of special knowledge to solve the problem; ▪ High price issue. There is no need to say that the invited consultant must be a conscientious professional - this is a prerequisite. However, there are a number of fundamental factors that determine the success of the client's interaction with consultants: ▪ Correct selection of a consultant. No consultant can know everything. Some consultants are good for solving certain types of problems, others are good for others. Therefore, the right selection of a consultant for a specific problem is extremely important. It should be borne in mind that a well-known name does not always guarantee the correct selection. There are many highly specialized and simply obscure consultants that the client may not know about until he encounters a problem that requires their participation. The main thing here is to evaluate the methodology and practical experience that the consultant offers to solve the client's problems. ▪ Communication. The consultant and the client must use a similar conceptual framework or, in other words, speak the same language. Otherwise, a situation may arise when the consultant, using his analytical tools, will be able to identify the problem and find ways to solve it, but the client may not understand the consultant’s recommendations. Therefore, it is necessary to agree in advance on the meaning of those concepts and terms used by both the client and the consultant. ▪ Level of training. Recommendations are effective only when implemented. But in order to use the consultant’s recommendations, the client sometimes needs to have an appropriate minimum level of training. Just as the implementation of even a detailed technological process requires a certain level of technical training, so the implementation of the most detailed management recommendations requires a certain level of management training. If such a problem arises, additional measures must be taken to ensure such preparation. ▪ Understanding goals and objectives. There are situations when the client is unclear about what exactly he wants, but he is determined to achieve it. This usually leads to the most serious problems in the client's interaction with the consultant. Therefore, it is necessary to jointly decide on goals and objectives, and only then start working. Thus, the second part of the question formulated in the title of this article can be answered as follows: you need to study in any case - knowledge will never hurt, even if (one might say - especially if) consultants are invited. However, the training itself, without the practical application of the acquired knowledge, is worth little. When was the last time any of the top executives of enterprises had the opportunity to attend a serious educational course? And what part of the knowledge they have gained is actually applied today in everyday management practice? When working with consultants, regardless of the type of consultation, knowledge is directly embodied in practical activities, or, conversely, acquired in the process of solving specific problems. In any case, the decision on the first part of the question - to invite or not to invite consultants - remains with the client. Consultants, as always, can only give the necessary recommendations, which was done in this article. The service of obtaining financing from credit institutions is in demand among enterprises implementing investment projects, the cost of which significantly exceeds the cost of projects implemented earlier, as well as in the absence of their own experience in bank lending. The implementation of such projects may include a work plan to increase the investment attractiveness of the enterprise as a Borrower. A team of consultants, which includes diversified highly qualified specialists (financiers, lawyers, economists, marketers, etc.), can provide the client with a full range of services - from preparing a business plan to finding and identifying a financial source (bank, investment company, investment fund, private investors, etc.) in order to assist enterprises and organizations - potential borrowers - in preparing documents for obtaining a loan, choosing forms and methods of lending, searching for investors and arranging financing. The consulting services and products offered by the Credit Agency (credit broker) are as close as possible to the requirements of investors - banks and other credit institutions and investment companies. Actively cooperating with various banks, The credit agency offers clients the organization of financing - search and selection of banks for lending to investment projects, financing the development of production, its reorganization and technical re-equipment, as well as obtaining loans to replenish working capital. As part of the Credit consulting service, we offer support for the procedure for obtaining a loan, namely: ▪ general familiarization with the lending market ▪ provision of information and selection of the most optimal loan program and bank ▪ assistance in collecting and preparing a package of documents for obtaining a loan ▪ agreeing on a package of documents with the bank and submitting an application for a loan By applying for a loan consultation, you will not only save precious time spent searching for a suitable program, but also receive the most reliable information about the bank and the conditions for obtaining a loan, which often differs significantly from that provided by the bank for advertising purposes. Directions: ▪ mortgage lending ▪ small business lending ▪ consumer loan (for personal needs): targeted and non-targeted ▪ car loans Full support of the procedure for obtaining a loan, according to research by INTERFINANCE (http://denisshevchuk.narod.ru), is usually paid in the amount of 1000 USD. (or 500 c.u. + 2-5%), of which 400-500 c.u. paid at the time of commencement of work to support the loan, and the other 500 c.u. (or interest) - only with a positive decision of the bank. As practice shows, often a loan is not granted not because the clients are not creditworthy or hide something, but because the client is unable to correctly understand what the bank requires of him. The essence of the credit consulting service is an independent objective assessment of the existing loan offers on the market in order to offer the most advantageous loan plan from the point of view of the borrower. Indeed, dozens of banks now offer loans. Their programs differ in terms, interest rates, terms and other parameters. You can do your own market research, spending a lot of time, or you can call loan consultants (or loan brokers) and they will solve your problems. Investment, banking, financial and credit consulting may include: ▪ Express analysis of the enterprise and the essence of the project. ▪ Search for a potential investor or lender. ▪ Drawing up a necessary package of documents for a specific investor or lender (or a list of required documents). ▪ Support for the consideration of a loan (investment) application. Specialists will help you to decide on the most convenient form of financing your business, to choose a reliable partner. There is a market demand for the provision of professional brokerage services to support credit transactions. Realtors do not cope with this duty, not all banks are able to work with clients, and the niche that has arisen is filled by those who have the time and desire for this. According to experts, out of about 10 people who decide to draw up documents for obtaining a mortgage loan on their own, only 2 go to the transaction. Now help to potential borrowers is offered by mortgage brokers - organizations that provide professional services in selecting the best banking lending program for a client. According to experts, mortgage brokerage is a new and very promising activity for our country, combining the specialties of a realtor and a financier. According to market participants, the first to enter mortgage brokerage were realtors who founded subdivisions in their firms dealing with consulting services in the field of mortgage lending, and only then specialists in the field of finance and law paid attention to the promising service. Until now, brokers have not conducted an active advertising campaign. Information about their services is distributed through customers or small advertisements in newspapers and the Internet. Every year the number of banks that are ready to provide loans to individuals is increasing. Volume consumer lending only increases from year to year. Currently, the most popular are loans issued for the purchase of household appliances, cars. Also, many banks offer express loans that do not involve the intended use of funds. All major banking loan products are already known and invented. The question is in the range of products that can be offered by one bank. Banks set themselves the task of offering customers the fullest possible range of credit products. Competition in the lending market is very high, and only banks that have achieved the greatest technological effectiveness of transactions at the lowest cost can win. Private lending today is the most promising direction in terms of the development of banking business in Russia. The market for large corporate clients is highly saturated, and providing loans to small businesses is not yet very attractive for financial institutions - in particular, due to the opacity of small businesses and legislative barriers. Effective work with individuals requires a wide network, modern banking technologies, significant marketing support, a wide product line, and qualified personnel. The prospect of working with individuals is also confirmed by the interest of foreign investors, who pay attention primarily to the retail market. However, as the market grows consumer loans the percentage of arrears also increases. As long as the loan portfolio is growing rapidly, bad debts may represent a small proportion of loans granted. But the rapid growth will not be endless, and at some point the delay may be a serious problem for banks that are actively developing retail. This is especially true for those financial institutions that issue unsecured express loans at retail outlets. This is the most profitable type of banking business with a yield of up to 70% per annum in rubles, however, the risks here are very high. The decision to grant a loan is made using a scoring system in a few minutes, during which it is impossible to conduct a qualitative assessment of the solvency of a potential borrower. Express loans are a tidbit for scammers. THE ENTIRE civilized world has long been living in debt. people enjoy consumer loans. The debt of the average American family, for example, is up to 80% of its annual income. Today in Russia there are already people who take a loan, knowing full well that they will not be able to repay it. And in this sense, even the institution of credit histories will not help - a person may not have any debts, but this does not guarantee that he will be able to repay this loan. At the same time, a citizen must also receive protection from the lender: the borrower may fall ill or, for reasons beyond his control, fall into other difficult circumstances, in which case the bank must provide for special conditions for repaying the loan, because bankruptcy is an effective tool to protect the borrower all over the world . In addition, in the United States, for example, there is a regulation governing relations between a borrower and a lender, which provides for the responsibility of the bank - a financial institution cannot, roughly speaking, distribute loans right and left to everyone. The hour is near when the market consumer lending there will be fierce competition. The composition of the main players can change significantly, as well as their interest rates. In the opinion of the company's specialists, the aggravation of competition forces banks to apply a more flexible policy. most individuals would like to take out a loan for repairs. The next most popular are loans for the purchase of a used car, furniture, computer, household appliances and other household items. Slightly less in demand are loans to pay for tuition and vacation trips. Most individuals would like to take out a loan to carry out repairs. The next most popular are loans for the purchase of a used car, furniture, computer, household appliances and other household items. Slightly less in demand are loans to pay for tuition and vacation trips. Research and survey data show that Russians are increasingly willing to spend, while actively using loans for urgent needs. Yes, and all the statistical layouts confirm this. So, perhaps in the near future the American model of "life on credit" will become just as popular in Russia. Customer credit is undergoing a period of steady growth. More and more banks are joining. emergency loans in the West have a long history. Its mechanisms in European and American legislation are spelled out so clearly and in detail that the Russian market, which is not even 15 years old, has no choice but to take an example from them. While Russians are discovering America emergency loans, in real America, they have gained a strong position since the second half of the twentieth century. It's in the States emergency loans received the most development: experts consider the American market the most capacious and flexible - despite the fact that initially the growth rate of consumer lending in the industrialized countries of Europe was ahead of the dynamics of the US market. For example, in Germany in the 70s, there was a five-fold increase in emergency lending, which by the early 2000s had reached $190 billion. In the same period, it tripled in the United States, and by the beginning of the 90s it had crossed the mark of 600 billion dollars. Everyone is equal before credit The official history of emergency lending in America dates back to 1968, when the Consumer Credit Act was passed there. In particular, it establishes fair lending rules, rate caps, transfer and installment sale rules, contract clauses. The law does not ignore the means of judicial protection of the creditor, as well as cases in which the court has the right to recover the balance of the debt for the sale of security or to seize the debtor's property. The law also regulates credit transactions relating to the sale of real estate, goods and services by persons regularly involved in sales on credit (for more details, see Shevchuk D.A. Mortgage: just about complicated. - M .: GrossMedia: ROSBUH, 2008, Shevchuk D.A. Apartment on credit without problems - M.: AST: Astrel, 2008 and Shevchuk D.A. Buying a house and land: step by step - M.: AST: Astrel, 2008). There is no need to worry about the rights of the American consumer: he, like armor, is protected from all possible sides. In addition to the Consumer Credit Law, there is The Uniform Consumer Credit Code. Its task is to protect consumers who receive loans to finance purchases, to ensure the correct, adequate provision of lending services, and to regulate the lending industry as a whole. Finally, there is the US Consumer Protection Act, part of which is also devoted to consumer loans. It obliges lenders to fully inform the consumer about the conditions of lending and prohibits any discrimination in lending. The law also protects consumers from abuse by loan sharks and limits rewards. In addition, it regulates the activities of companies issuing credit cards and providing credit histories, and also establishes the National Consumer Finance Commission, which is competent to conduct investigations in the field of consumer credit. Dealing with a problem called "Consumer credit "(hereinafter PC) should separate this form lending to the population from others, very similar to her, but carrying some other "semantic load" and social function. Credit for urgent needs A loan is given to a citizen not for something specific, but just because he needs it. Loan for the purchase of a car This is a very resource-intensive form of lending for any Bank. Because requires the diversion of significant amounts for a relatively long period (up to 3 years). The loan is fully secured by a car insured in favor of the Bank, and in case of any problems, the Bank will easily compensate for its losses. A loan to buy an apartment (house) or a mortgage loan The most resource-intensive (up to 100 thousand US dollars or more per borrower), the longest (up to 10 years). However, this loan is also almost completely secured by collateral, because here, as in the case of cars, the Bank gives no more than 70% of the cost of housing. It is easy to see that the leaders in the resource-intensive long-term lending market are foreign banks. This is not surprising, since these types of credit are very developed in the west, they have extensive experience and are able to attract cheap "long" resources from parent banks. At the same time, it should be noted that the 10-15% per annum offered by them in Russia is a blue dream for Western markets. Actually, a PC or "credit for an iron" is a much simpler thing. Its essence is as follows. You do not ask your neighbors, relatives or acquaintances for the missing 200-1000 dollars for a refrigerator, washing machine or TV. In almost every large store selling household appliances, you can find a table at which an employee of one or another Bank sits. You fill out a questionnaire, wait 30-40 minutes and - your desired washing machine. Further, for the next 3-6 months, your duties will include the need to visit the Bank's office to make a monthly payment. There is another option - you fill out a form, bring a salary certificate from your place of work or another document confirming the presence of some kind of permanent income, then wait 2-3 days - and the washing machine is yours again, but, as practice shows, for less interest on the loan than in the first option. Why? Yes, because during these days the Bank managed to check the information about you and the documents that were presented. Higher confidence in the borrower means lower interest on the loan. Look at the proposed interest rates of Sberbank or the “subsidiaries” of foreign banks, and then take the list of documents that they require and the information that interests them - the connection, as they say, is obvious. What are the key points when deciding whether to take a loan, and if so, where? ▪ How interest is calculated. A beautiful figure of an increase in the cost of a thing by only 5-10% easily turns into 20-40% (the loan is then for 3 months!), And upon closer examination, into 26-52% (the loan is taken at 70% of the cost, and 30 - you paid themselves). ▪ How much interest is charged? For the entire loan or with a reduction in debt, interest is charged only on the remaining part. The difference can be quite significant. ▪ Possibility of early repayment. This is a fundamental question. Often, even if you repay the loan the next day, the amount of interest will need to be paid in full, as if you had used the loan for the entire term. ▪ In what monetary units do you receive the loan - rubles or foreign currency. It is very difficult to give advice here. It all depends on the form of your income and the situation with the exchange rate. And remember, if your income is fixed ruble income (for example, wages), you will also incur expenses for converting rubles into the loan currency. Business lending, according to employees of the INTERFINANCE credit broker (INTERFINANCE MV LLC), despite the unstable state of the economy, implies the possibility of making decisions by some banks in a short time (from 1 to 10-15 days), before opening an account, accounting for management ( informal) reporting, group of companies. Crises are not a hindrance if you use the advice of professionals. Despite the crisis in the Russian economy, most business lending experts agree that this banking sector in Russia will develop. Let us consider in detail the currently existing business financing opportunities. Legal entities: All types of loans, including: ▪ overdraft (unsecured loan against turnover, up to 50% of average monthly receipts to the account from third-party counterparties, excluding payments to ourselves within a group of companies); ▪ loan to replenish working capital; ▪ loan for business development; ▪ loan for the purchase of a business; ▪ loan for the purchase of real estate (including commercial mortgage); ▪ loan for the purchase of equipment; ▪ loan to cover cash gaps; ▪ credit line; ▪ factoring; ▪ leasing; ▪ pawn business lending; ▪ bank guarantees. ▪ investments in Russian enterprises (including investments in new companies (up to a year) in Moscow). Applying to credit brokers who have experience in full-time work in banks (preferably in senior positions in specialized divisions), allows you to conduct an express analysis of financial statements and potential creditworthiness, increase maximum lending limits (amounts), optimize taxation, increase credit attractiveness and speed up consideration applications, get the opportunity of priority preferential consideration of applications in banks. For individual entrepreneurs: ▪ loan; ▪ credit line. Adjustment coefficients (discount) applied in the framework of business lending programs (According to the Deputy General Director of INTERFINANCE (LLC "INTERFINANCE MV") Denis Aleksandrovich Shevchuk): Real estate objects (buildings, structures, individual premises in a building, unfinished capital structure): no more than 0,8. Equipment: no more than 0,7. The subject of pledge may be office and computer equipment, as well as personal property of individuals. Pledge valuation of office and computer equipment, personal property is carried out by a loan officer on the basis of a visual inspection, study of documentation and information on the market value of similar objects and application of a correction factor of not more than 0,6 to the market value. In the case of a pledge of equipment, along with technological, production, etc. equipment may be considered trade pavilions (registered as temporary structures). Their collateral value is assessed by applying a correction factor of no more than 0,6 to the market value. Vehicles: no more than 0,7. Goods in circulation (goods, finished products, etc.): no more than 0,6. For goods in circulation, as a rule, the purchase price of these goods by the pledgor without VAT (for purchased goods) / production cost of goods (for goods of own production) is taken as the market value. At the same time, the issue of the competitiveness of this price in the market must be studied by a loan officer. Prior to accepting property as a pledge, a loan officer, when visiting the place of business, conducts an inspection and verification of the actual availability of property, compliance with data on the quantity and assortment (by type and generic characteristics), checks for the availability of documents confirming ownership. When pledging goods in circulation, certificates of conformity must be checked (selectively, but not less than 10 positions). Loan amount = collateral amount * discount The amount of collateral is the liquid market value (which can be sold quickly, usually slightly below the normal market value). MINIMUM TERMS FOR CONSIDERATION OF APPLICATIONS: from 1-5 days to a month. FLEXIBLE APPROACH TO COLOR: up to 1000000 rubles without collateral, loans with partial collateral. Any liquid property (including purchased equipment and real estate) is accepted as collateral for other loans. LARGE RANGE OF SUM. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BORROWER: The presence of a stable and profitable business with a period of actual existence of at least 6 months is mandatory. The term of official business registration is at least 6 months. No negative credit history. Absence of facts of non-fulfillment of obligations. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A BUSINESS OWNER: Citizenship of the Russian Federation. Age - from 25 to 60 years old inclusive (for men under 28 years old, the issue is settled with the draft authorities). No criminal record. No negative credit history. Representatives of business today have a sufficient choice among banks that are ready to give "money in growth" and support various business projects. Entrepreneurs only need to be well versed in the conditions and interest rates in order to choose the most beneficial loan program for themselves. Entrepreneurs are often interested in the question: does the possibility of obtaining a loan depend on the legal form under which a small business is registered. For example, many are sure that there is a prejudice in banks regarding "individual entrepreneurs", it is much more difficult to get a loan with this form of ownership than, say, for a limited liability company (LLC). However, this setting is far from reality: for banks that are seriously engaged in lending to small and medium-sized businesses, the legal status of the organization does not affect either the number of documents for obtaining a loan, or interest rates, or lending conditions, that is, to all representatives of this sector of the economy. activities are subject to the same requirements. Some banks have restrictions on other parameters, such as the share of foreign capital, but the form of ownership of the company does not matter. However, there is a limitation for legal entities: the share of the state or non-residents in the authorized capital should not exceed 49%. The documents that are required for obtaining a loan for small and medium-sized enterprises mainly relate to both the legal status and financial statements. In a bank, for example, you will be required to: a certificate of state registration, a certificate of registration with the tax authority, copies of passports of an individual entrepreneur and guarantors, a copy of the income statement for the last two reporting dates, copies of the pages of the book of income and expenses for 6 months , certificates of the presence or absence of loans in servicing banks. It is also necessary to provide an extract from the servicing banks on account turnover (debit turnover or credit turnover) for the previous 12 months, as well as information on monthly turnover. Additional documents that banks are often asked to provide are directly related to the company's activities: copies of lease agreements for premises, copies of contracts with buyers and suppliers, copies of documents confirming the ownership of property offered as collateral (contracts, invoices, acts, payment documents, certificates property) and so on. An individual approach to each legal entity can be explained by a huge number of variations in the parameters of small and medium-sized businesses in modern Russia. Everything is subject to the attention of credit analysts: from organizational and legal documents of the enterprise itself to lease agreements for premises and utility bills. If you divide the documents into groups, then you can select constituent documents, financial documents, documents confirming the ownership of property provided as security, as well as additional documents confirming the conduct of business. Terms of crediting enterprises in each bank are different. Consideration of an application in banks takes from three working days to several weeks, subject to the provision of a complete package of documents, so enterprises wishing to receive a loan must take this fact into account in advance. Often, clients complain that banks take a long time to consider their applications, but from practice I can say that usually such clients do not follow the instructions of the bank and do not fulfill everything that is asked of them on time, thereby delaying the decision-making process on the possibility of lending. Due to the focus of most banks on the "individual approach" to each borrower-representative of small or medium-sized businesses, entrepreneurs have the opportunity to vary the interest rate. You should think about obtaining a loan for your company in advance and cooperate as much as possible with credit analysts on issues related to documents: in this case, you can choose the most favorable lending conditions for the company. Significant time savings, and often many other costs, will allow you to get a timely appeal to credit brokers, but only if in the staff of such a company all employees previously worked in banks in senior positions. The abundance of so-called "certified brokers" who listened to advertising lectures in ordinary companies, seriously discredits the profession of a credit broker. Ideally, the more banks a credit broker worked in, the better. List of documents for the Borrower 1. Application form in the form of the Bank. 2. Passport(1) for individuals who are: ▪ business owners; ▪ parties to the transaction (borrower, guarantors); ▪ managers (having the right of first signature) of legal entities included in the Client's group of companies. For men under 28 years of age, an additional copy of the military ID. 3. Certificate of state registration(3) (making an entry in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities / EGRIP). 4. Certificate of registration with the tax authority(3). 5. Licenses(3) and / or other documents giving the right to carry out activities. 6. Constituent documents(3) (Charter and Memorandum of Association). Additionally, if applicable: Decisions on making changes and/or additions to the constituent documents, as well as certificates of state registration of such changes and/or additions. 7. Documents confirming ownership(3) on the personal property of business owners. Financial documents 1. Financial (tax) reporting(3) with a stamp, or a postal receipt and a description of the attachment, confirming the delivery to the IMTS, as of the last reporting date (for the last reporting period). 1.1. Balance sheet (Form No. 1) and Gains and losses report (Form No. 2), or 1.2. Single tax returnpaid in connection with the application of the simplified taxation system, as well as a receipt (payment order) confirming the payment of a single tax for the last period, or 1.3. Tax declaration for single tax on imputed income for certain types of activities, as well as a receipt (payment order) confirming the payment of a single tax for the last period. 2. Income and expense ledger(3) organizations and / or individual entrepreneurs applying the simplified taxation system or being UTII payers for the last 3 months. 3. Accounting documents (statements) containing information on receipts to the cash desk and to settlement accounts broken down by banks for 6 months monthly. 4. Breakdown of receivables and payables(1) no later than the 1st day of the month in which the application was submitted. 6. Certificate of commitment(1) in the form of the Bank no later than on the 1st day of the month in which the application was submitted. 7. List of property used in business and inventory items(1) no later than the 1st day of the month in which the application was submitted. Documents confirming economic activity 1. Contracts (agreements) with main suppliers and consumers(3). At least 6 (at least 3 with suppliers and at least 3 with consumers) with the largest counterparties in terms of settlements. 2. Documents confirming the right to use the premises(3) (warehouse, office, points of sale). Forms of submission of documents: (1) Original (3) A copy certified by the organization / individual entrepreneur The responsible officer of the Bank may additionally request other additional documents necessary for making a decision on granting a loan. A business financing option is a loan secured by housing for any purpose, essentially a mortgage option. Quite often, business owners use this product. There are two options: mortgage of an apartment and mortgage of a house (cottage). The residential building that is the subject of pledge must meet the following requirements: 1.1. be located in a settlement on the territory of which other residential buildings suitable for habitation are located; 1.2. have an access road that provides year-round access to the land plot on which the residential building is located, by motor transport; 1.3. be suitable for permanent habitation; 1.4. have a constant power supply from an external source through the connected network from the power supply organization; 1.5. be provided with a gas, steam or stove heating system, as well as cold water supply; 1.6. be in proper technical condition and not have significant defects in structural elements and engineering equipment, which can subsequently lead to an accident at home; 1.7. pass the cadastral registration, comply with the floor plan issued by the body carrying out the technical inventory of the property, which is determined on the basis of the data of the valuation report made by a professional appraiser; The land plot that is the subject of pledge must meet the following requirements: ▪ have a permitted use (intended purpose): for gardening, housing or summer cottage construction. General requirements. The subject of collateral can be both the Residential Premises, for the purchase of which a mortgage loan was provided, and the existing Residential Premises. 1. The Residential Premises should not be under arrest or prohibition, should not be encumbered with the right of third parties, with the exception of the right of residence, there should be no disputes regarding the Residential Premises. If a person who is not one of the owners (pledgers) of the mortgaged Residential Premises plans to be the sole borrower under the loan agreement, then it is necessary to demand that one of the owners (pledgers) of the Residential Premises be involved as the second borrower (co-borrower). 2. The dwelling is a separate apartment or a separate Residential building for permanent residence (cottage or semi-detached house (townhouse)). The rooms of a communal apartment can be pledged only if all rooms (premises) of the communal apartment are pledged to secure one loan, i.e. in the aggregate, the mortgaged rooms (premises) will constitute a single Residential Premises. 3. The Residential Premises is connected to electric, steam or gas heating systems that provide heat to the entire area of the Residential Premises, or has an autonomous life support system. 4. The dwelling has entrance doors, windows and a roof (for apartments on the top floors). 5. When granting a loan secured by existing housing, Residential Premises shall not be accepted as collateral in the following cases: ▪ When the owners (one of the owners) of the Residential Premises are minor children; ▪ When persons who are not members of the mortgagor’s family are registered in the Residential Premises for a long period of time (1 year or more). 6. When one of the owners (pledgers) of the Residential Premises is a person over 65 years of age, the mortgage agreement is subject to mandatory notarization. 7. The building in which the subject of pledge is located must meet the following conditions and requirements: a) is located in Moscow or the Moscow region; b) is not in emergency condition; c) not be registered for major repairs (if information is available); d) is not in plans for reconstruction or demolition (if information is available); e) have a reinforced concrete, stone or brick foundation; f) depreciation of a building built earlier than 1970 should not be more than 70%. 8. Ownership of the Residential Premises must be confirmed by the relevant title documents (certificate of ownership, registered contract of sale of the Residential Premises, barter agreement, etc.), drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation. 9. Technical documentation (explication, floor plan) must comply with the data specified in the USRR. If the Residential Premises is re-equipped without an appropriate permit, such Premises can be accepted as a pledge only on the condition that the Pledgor legalizes the redevelopment within 6 months from the date of the conclusion of the mortgage agreement (the emergence of a mortgage by virtue of law), and if it is impossible to legalize the redevelopment, the Pledgor is obliged, within 9 months from the date of conclusion of the mortgage agreement (the emergence of a mortgage by virtue of law), to bring the Residential Premises into a state corresponding to the data specified in the technical documentation. 10. When acquiring (mortgaging) a separate Residential House, the land plot located under such a house is simultaneously acquired, registered in a mortgage. Ownership of a land plot must be confirmed by the relevant title documents (certificate of ownership, registered land purchase and sale agreement, other agreement), drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the current legislation. The original cadastral plan of the land plot must be attached to the document for the land, which must be pledged together with the Residential Building. 10.1. If the land plot is provided on a leasehold basis, then simultaneously with the house, the leasehold rights to the land plot must also be pledged. The lease agreement for a land plot must be concluded for a period not less than the term of the loan agreement, or contain an indication of the extension of the agreement for a new term. If the lease agreement contains a condition on obtaining the consent of the lessor to pledge the rights to lease the land plot, then such consent must be obtained before the conclusion of the pledge agreement, if such a requirement to obtain the consent of the lessor does not contradict the current legislation. 10.2. If the mortgagor does not have the right of ownership or the right to lease the land plot located under the Residential Building, then when lending against the security of the existing housing, such property is not accepted as security. When lending secured by purchased housing, the Residential House can be accepted as security, provided that the seller of the Residential House has the right to lease the land plot located under the Residential House. The crisis in the American mortgage market provoked a global crisis in the money market. Many Russian banks found themselves in a difficult position. The lack of financial resources and their widespread rise in prices have led to insufficient funding. As a result, the financial resources of a number of banks allocated for the issuance of mortgage loans were exhausted. Due to the inability to quickly replenish their potential, many banks hastily tightened lending conditions for mortgage transactions, and some even temporarily abandoned mortgages. A frequent occurrence in today's practice of banks is the delay in the consideration of an application for a loan without explaining the reasons. At the same time, many borrowers who had already received the bank's approval for issuing a loan were faced with the fact of raising the rate on a mortgage loan. Not only the banks themselves faced problems, but also potential borrowers who were forced to abandon real estate purchase transactions due to sudden bank failures and delays in issuing loans. It is not uncommon for approved borrowers to wait for their money for two or three or more months. In the context of rising real estate prices, a delay of several months leads to a significant increase in the cost of the apartment. Banks, which were less focused on foreign borrowing, relying on their own resources when issuing mortgage loans, continue the process of lending to mortgage borrowers. In general, a sufficient number of banks still offer very competitive conditions, but they have raised mortgage rates, significantly increased the down payment and tightened lending conditions. A loan broker is essentially a financial lawyer. You can go to court yourself - or you can hire a lawyer, you can get a haircut at home at the mirror yourself - or you can go to a specialist’s hairdresser, someone repairs his Cossack himself - and someone gives his Mercedes to a car service. It is a mistake to think that a loan broker is a magician and distributes loans to everyone. If he is a specialist, has a specialized higher education (and not just courses) and experience of real full-time work in banks (preferably in different and relevant departments in senior positions, and not just internships), then he will significantly increase the likelihood of a positive loan decision (so how a competent lawyer will increase your chances in court and in the preparation of legal documents) and the speed of decision making. I can add that during a crisis it is useful to spend your free time on self-education, studying economic and legal literature. Bank employees have a habit of getting angry if loan applicants are illiterate in economic and legal matters. A broad outlook allows you to find a common language with bankers faster, because. banking has long been considered one of the most highly intellectual professions, some employees have 2-3 higher educations and constantly improve their knowledge. There are many scammers, who, as a rule, do not have even a minimum experience in banks before, offering a guarantee of 100% obtaining a loan: this is a 100% fraud or an outright crime that will be XNUMX% revealed sooner or later (with corresponding consequences for both the client and the false assistant) . This is clear to any experienced banker. In any bank, business loans and mortgages (and often other types of loans) are issued after the decision of the credit committee, this is a collegiate body, while the client is previously checked by various bank services. One person, even a big boss (unless, of course, this is the owner of the bank) cannot, by definition, make such decisions alone, especially an intermediary. A competent intermediary with full-time experience in banks can significantly increase the likelihood of approval - this is already a reality, but will never guarantee a XNUMX% loan. Its role is educational and lobbying. Credit brokerage is useful to everyone. On the one hand, the broker simplifies the procedure for obtaining a loan for clients, on the other hand, it attracts new "quality" clients to banks. Additional Information At present, the importance of education and self-education has increased. Smart people live longer. The mortality rate of people with a high level of education is four times lower than that of people with little education. Until recently, it was believed that human life expectancy is mainly influenced by three factors: heredity, lifestyle and ecology. However, scientists have come to the conclusion that smart people live longer and get sick less. The mortality of people with a high level of education is four times lower than the mortality of those with little education. It turns out that the brain ages much faster without exercise. Scientists have long explained the differences in the health status of different people by their belonging to different social groups and the difference in the level of well-being. British scientists supplemented this concept with new data. It turns out that the level of intelligence also affects the health of people. The higher the level of intelligence in a child, the more likely he is to live longer. It turns out that "bespectacled boys" are the most profitable suitors and the preferred male sires. It is assumed that the demand for "nerds" among the fair sex will increase dramatically. Before the revolution in Russia, the presence of glasses was a sign of intelligence, wealth, intelligence, and noble birth. Now intellectuals are valued all over the world, they are lured away from other countries (brain drain), they are the main factor in the economic growth and well-being of the nation. In Russia, the rich are mostly well-educated people. Two thirds of them have higher education. The majority - 86% - parents belong to the intelligentsia. There are practically no people without higher education among the "captains" of Russian business. Scientists distinguish three main criteria that affect life expectancy as determining ones: heredity (up to 20%), lifestyle (up to 55%) and environmental factors (20%). At the same time, material income and the level of education are in the first places in the "way of life" indicator. By the way, in Western countries, in their practice, insurance companies, assessing the potential life expectancy of a client with the help of tests, necessarily include these indicators in the questionnaire. The level of material well-being has a significant impact on lifestyle. People with lower incomes are more likely to get sick and less likely to seek medical care. However, human health is affected not so much by the money itself, but by the nature of their use in the interests of health. For example, people with higher incomes have the opportunity to get a better education. In turn, the mortality of people with a high level of education is about 1,5 - 4 times lower than in groups with a low level of education. It is also believed that the human brain ages much faster without exercise. Conclusion: it is beneficial to engage in raising education and self-education (the study of professional and general educational literature). Education is an investment in human capital. According to statistics, every year spent on education increases the salary of an employee by an average of 10%. Education not only increases the productivity of the recipient (i.e. the person who received it), it has a positive externality (externality). An externality occurs when one person's action affects the well-being of another person or other people. An educated person can put forward ideas that become useful to others, public domain, they can be used by everyone who falls into the scope of the positive externality of education. In this regard, the phenomenon known as "brain drain", that is, the emigration of the most educated and qualified specialists from poor countries and countries with economies in transition to rich countries with a high standard of living, has a particularly negative impact. A significant problem of development (including career development) is bad habits. Alcohol irreversibly destroys brain cells (in any amount), leads to impotence in men and related problems in women. For a healthy person, there is no healthy alcohol - it is harmful in any quantities and types. This has long been known, but hushed up for selfish purposes. On the contrary, paid journalists and "experts", films and series (with huge advertising budgets) promote an unhealthy lifestyle - advertising pays off many times over, though at the cost of the health of millions. Smoking also leads to sad consequences, often irreversible. Smokers are less able to work, so in developed countries they are trying not to be hired, especially for important positions, a similar trend is noticeable in large successful Russian companies. The legislative restriction of smoking in public places speaks of the increased selfishness of smokers who do not think about others - you must admit that this is not the best quality for working with people, which recruiters are well aware of. It has been noticed that many people do not know the elementary rules of the Russian language, for example: 1. The number of quotes must always be even, like brackets in mathematics. Adjacent quotation marks can be of two types - "..." and "..." (paws and Christmas trees). Correct: "words "words"" or "words" words "" Incorrect: "words" and "words" words These mistakes are even in the names of large firms and some articles and books. 2. If there is information in brackets at the end of the sentence, a period is placed after the brackets, not before the brackets and inside before the closing bracket. That's right: words (words). Wrong: words. (the words.) As recent studies have shown, smoking negatively affects the brain and reduces the intellectual abilities of a person. The comparison showed that smokers lagged behind their nonsmoking peers on all types of tests they offered. In the several decades that have passed since the first survey, their ability to think logically, and the ability to remember and reproduce information, have significantly decreased significantly. Author: Shevchuk D.A. << Back: Private banking ("Private banking") >> Forward: Terminological dictionary
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