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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Money. Credit. Banks. Terminological dictionary (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Terminological dictionary Notification an instruction to credit or debit funds from bank accounts. A distinction is made between credit advice (money is credited) and debit advice (money is written off). Holding (tax) a tax credit open to any taxpayer (company or individual) that receives dividends distributed by companies that pay corporate tax. Letter of credit an instruction to the bank to pay a certain amount to an individual or legal entity upon fulfillment of the conditions specified in the letter of credit. Enterprise assets property of the enterprise reflected in the asset balance sheet. There are mainly three types of assets: 1) current assets, consisting of monetary capital and funds that can be quickly transformed into cash; 2) fixed capital with a long service life, used by the enterprise in the production of goods and services; 3) other assets, which include intangible assets that do not have a physical form, but are valuable to the enterprise, investments in other companies, long-term securities, deferred expenses and various other assets. Excise type of indirect tax levied on the price of goods. Excises were widespread already in the XNUMXth century. The development of excise taxation has led to the emergence of a universal excise tax in the form of turnover tax, sales tax, value added tax. There are individual excises (for certain types and groups of goods) and universal (for example, value added tax). Joint-stock company a company that is a legal entity whose capital consists of contributions from shareholders and founders. A form of organization of production based on raising funds through the sale of shares. There are closed and open joint-stock companies. Share capital share capital of a joint-stock company, the amount of which is determined by its charter. It is formed at the expense of borrowed funds and the issue (issue) of shares. Promotion a security issued by a joint-stock company, giving the right to its owner, a member of the joint-stock company, to participate in its management and receive dividends from profits. Share nominal share with the indication of its owner. Distributed by open subscription. It can be simple and privileged. ordinary share a share with a non-fixed dividend, the amount of which is determined by the general meeting of shareholders after paying a fixed percentage to holders of preferred shares. Bearer share a share containing the name of its holder. It can be simple and privileged. Preferred share a share whose dividend is fixed in the form of a fixed percentage paid as a matter of priority, regardless of the size of the company's profit. This share does not give the right to vote, its owner does not participate in the management of the company. Amnesty (tax) a set of measures to pay off debts on tax and other obligatory payments by taxpayers, as well as exemption from fines and penalties from the amounts of payments voluntarily paid by them to the budget and off-budget state funds. Depreciation funds financial resources allocated by a special purpose for the preservation and renewal of the fixed assets of the enterprise. Sinking fund funds intended for simple and extended reproduction of fixed assets. Depreciation the gradual transfer of the value of fixed assets to the products or services produced with their help; targeted accumulation of funds and their subsequent use to compensate for depreciated fixed assets. Rent property lease based on an agreement on the provision of property for temporary use for a certain fee. Audit control independent non-departmental financial control carried out by an audit firm licensed to carry out audit activities. The main task is to establish the reliability, completeness and reality of accounting and financial statements and compliance with financial legislation. Balance the main comprehensive accounting document containing information on the composition and valuation of the enterprise's funds (assets) and the sources of their coverage (liability). Balance sheet profit the total amount of profit of the enterprise for all types of activities, reflected in its balance sheet. Bank loan a loan issued in the form of cash loans to business entities and other borrowers. Bankruptcy a concept meaning ruin, the refusal of an enterprise to pay its debt obligations due to lack of funds. As a rule, it leads to the closure or forced liquidation of the enterprise, the sale of property to pay off all debts. Non-cash money turnover part of the money turnover, in which the movement of money is carried out in the form of transfers to accounts in credit institutions and offsets of mutual claims. Business plan the program of the enterprise, a plan of specific measures to achieve the specific goals of its activities, including an assessment of the expected costs and income. Developed on the basis of marketing research. Exchange rate the selling price of a security on the stock exchange. Budget a form of formation and spending of a fund of funds intended for financial support of the tasks and functions of the state and local self-government. Budget classification of the Russian Federation grouping of incomes and expenses of budgets of all levels with assignment to objects of classification of grouping codes. The budget system of the Russian Federation based on economic relations and the state structure of the Russian Federation, regulated by the rules of law, the totality of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets and budgets of state off-budget funds. budget loan budgetary funds allocated to another budget on a returnable, gratuitous or reimbursable basis for a period not exceeding six months within a financial year. budget planning centralized distribution and redistribution of the value of the gross social product and national income between the links of the budget system on the basis of a national socio-economic program for the development of the country in the process of drawing up and executing budgets and extra-budgetary funds of various levels. budget law a set of legal norms that determine the foundations of the country's budget structure and the procedure for drawing up, reviewing, approving and executing budgets included in the country's budget system. Budget regulation redistribution of funds in order to provide the territorial budgets with the minimum required level of income directed to the economic and social development of the territories. budget device organization and principles of building the budget system, its structure, the relationship between individual links. Determined by government. In unitary (single, merged) states, the budget system includes two links: the state budget and numerous local budgets, which, with their incomes and expenditures, are not included in the state budget. In federal states, the budget system includes three links: the state and federal budgets, and the budgets of the members of the federation. Budget appropriations funds from budgets of different levels directed to the development of the economy, financing of social and cultural events, defense of the country, maintenance of public authorities and administration. Budget Process activity of public authorities, local self-government bodies and participants in the budget process in the preparation and consideration of draft budgets, draft budgets of state extra-budgetary funds, approval and execution of budgets and budgets of state extra-budgetary funds, as well as control over their execution. Gross revenue the full amount of cash receipts from the sale of marketable products, works, services and material assets. Gross income characterizes the final result of the enterprise and is the difference between gross revenue and all costs of production and sales of products. Gross profit the part of the gross income of the enterprise, which remains with him after the deduction of all obligatory expenses. Gross domestic product (GDP) a generalizing macroeconomic indicator that reflects the total market value of final products and services produced in the country, regardless of the nationality of legal entities and individuals operating in its national economy for a certain period of time. GDP is a modification of another macroeconomic indicator of the gross national product (GNP), from which it differs by the value of the balance of settlements with foreign countries. Gross income the difference between the company's revenue from the sale of products and the material costs of production. Includes wages and profits or wages and net income. In other words, gross income differs from net income by the amount of wages. Bill a type of security, a written promissory note of the established form, giving its owner (the holder of a bill of exchange) the unconditional right to demand from the drawer the unconditional payment of the specified amount of money by a certain date. Distinguish between simple and transferable (draft) bills. A promissory note is issued by the debtor, and a transferable bill used in lending to foreign trade is issued by the creditor. venture firm a commercial scientific and technical firm engaged in the development and implementation of new technologies and products with an indefinite income in advance (risky capital investment). Venture funding provision of financial resources for innovation activities; financing of scientific and technical research. Extrabudgetary special funds funds that have a strictly designated purpose. Their goal is to expand social services to the population, stimulate the development of backward sectors of infrastructure, and provide additional resources to priority sectors of the economy. The most important social funds: Pension Fund, Social Insurance Fund, Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, State Employment Fund. External debt is an obligation arising in foreign currency. Domestic debt liabilities arising in the currency of the Russian Federation. Warranty obligation or order a form of collateral for a bank loan. State regulation is a legislatively formalized system of external influence on an enterprise. Government funding the method of irrevocable provision of financial resources to business entities at the expense of budgetary and non-budgetary funds. Through state financing, there is a purposeful redistribution of financial resources between business entities. Government revenue monetary relations to mobilize financial resources at the disposal of state structures. Three main methods of mobilizing state revenues are used: taxes, state loans, issue (paper money and credit). Government loans economic relations between the state, on the one hand, and legal entities and individuals, on the other, in which the state acts as a borrower. State minimum social standards the minimum necessary levels of guarantees of social protection established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, ensuring the satisfaction of the most important human needs. Government spending monetary relations associated with the use of centralized and decentralized public funds for various needs of the state. Public expenditures are financed in three forms: self-financing, budget financing, credit security. public finance the sphere of monetary relations regarding the distribution and redistribution of the value of the social product and part of the national wealth, associated with the formation of financial resources at the disposal of the state and its enterprises and the use of public funds for the costs of expanding production, meeting the growing socio-cultural needs of members of society, the needs of the country's defense and government controlled. Public finances operate at the federal, regional and local levels and include the budget, off-budget funds, state credit, finances of state and municipal enterprises. The state budget the main financial plan of the state, having the force of law; approved by the legislative authorities - parliaments. In Russia, it is approved by the State Duma and the Federation Council and signed by the President of the Russian Federation. Expresses economic monetary relations that mediate the process of formation and use of a centralized fund of state funds. The state budget is the main tool for the redistribution of national income. State off-budget fund the form of formation and spending of funds generated outside the federal budget and the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. State loan monetary relations arising from the state with legal entities and individuals in connection with the mobilization of temporarily free funds at the disposal of public authorities and their use to finance public expenditures. The main forms of public credit are loans and treasury loans. State or municipal loan transfer to the ownership of the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal formation of funds that the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal formation undertakes to return in the same amount with the payment of interest (fee) on the loan amount. State or municipal debt obligations arising from state or municipal loans assumed by the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipality, guarantees for obligations of third parties, other obligations, as well as obligations of third parties assumed by the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipality. State financial control control by the authorities and administration of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as specially created control bodies (the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties, etc.) over compliance with legislation in the field of state budgets and extra-budgetary funds, taxes, financial activities of state institutions and enterprises, organization of cash settlements, accounting and reporting. Debtor a person who has received a product or service but has not yet paid for it. Receivables accounts receivable of the amount due to the enterprise from buyers for goods and services sold on credit. In the balance sheet of the enterprise are recorded as current assets. Devaluation official depreciation of the national currency against foreign currencies. Monetary unit a legally established banknote that serves to measure and express the prices of all goods and services, which is an element of the monetary system. Money supply a set of purchasing, payment and accumulated funds serving economic relations and owned by individuals and legal entities, as well as the state. The change in the money supply is measured by monetary aggregates. Dumping a practice used in international trade whereby a product in an export market is sold at a price lower than the domestic price of that market in order to suppress competitors. Infrastructure a complex of branches of the economy serving industrial (or any other) production, as well as the population. Includes transport, communications, trade, logistics, science, education, health care. Mortgage leasing real estate, land as collateral for obtaining a mortgage loan. Capital value put into circulation for profit. working capital part of the capital directed to the formation of working capital and returned within one production cycle. fixed capital part of the capital aimed at the formation of fixed production assets and participating in production for a long time. capital construction the process of creating and improving fixed assets through the construction of new ones, reconstruction, expansion, technical re-equipment and modernization of existing ones. Capital investment costs of material, labor and financial resources aimed at the restoration and growth of fixed assets. Clearing system of non-cash payments for goods, securities and services. Based on the offset of mutual requirements and obligations. Commercial Bank a credit institution licensed to carry out banking operations for the purpose of making a profit. commercial loan a commodity form of credit arising from a deferred payment, a debt obligation issued by a bill of exchange. Commercial calculation the method of managing the economy, which consists in comparing the costs and results of activities in monetary form; Its goal is to maximize profits at the lowest cost. Commercial calculation implies the obligatory receipt of profit and a level of profitability sufficient to continue managing. Conversion reorientation of the enterprise to the production of products of a fundamentally different type. Currency convertibility the ability of one currency to be exchanged for another currency. Competitiveness is the ability to carry out its activities in a market economy and at the same time receive a profit sufficient for the scientific and technical improvement of production, incentives for employees and maintaining products at a high quality level. Consolidated budget a set of budgets for all levels of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation in the relevant territory. Controlling stake share of the total value (number) of shares, allowing their owners to control the activities of the entire joint stock company. Concern association of independent enterprises of various industries related to joint developments through a system of participation, patent and license agreements, financing, and close industrial cooperation. Concession permission by one state to other states, their firms and individuals to conduct production and operational activities in accordance with the concession agreement. The concession agreement may provide for the commissioning by the state for a fee not only of enterprises, but mainly of land with the right to extract minerals. Indirect taxes taxes levied as a surcharge on the price of goods. Current assets cash and assets that can be converted into cash in the near future or will be used in the near future, usually within a year. Short-term liabilities liabilities that mature within a short period of time, usually within one year. Short-term financial investments financial investments calculated for a short period, highly liquid securities, including short-term government treasury bills, bonds, shares, temporary financial assistance to other enterprises, certificates of deposit, received short-term bills. Credit the movement of loan capital, carried out on the basis of security, urgency, repayment and payment. Performs the functions of redistribution of funds between economic entities; contributes to saving distribution costs; accelerates the concentration and centralization of capital and stimulates scientific and technological progress. Credit card a nominal monetary document issued by a credit institution, which certifies the presence of a client account in this institution and gives the right to purchase goods and services in a retail trade network without paying in cash. loan money money generated by the development of credit relations and expressing the relationship between creditors and borrowers. These include bills, banknotes, checks, bank credit cards. loans one of the forms of financial support for reproduction costs, in which the expenses of a business entity are covered by bank loans provided on the basis of payment, urgency and repayment. Accounts payable debt arising from settlements with suppliers; temporary use of the creditor's funds in the enterprise's cash flow. Solvency crisis mutual non-payments of enterprises caused by a shortage of cash or non-cash money supply. Coupon a cut-off coupon of a security (shares, bonds), giving its owner the right to receive at a specified time a certain income in the form of interest and dividends. The price of shares, bonds and other securities the price of a share, other securities on the stock exchange. The rate is directly proportional to the size of the dividend, interest and is inversely related to the size of the loan interest. Liquidity of assets the reciprocal of the time required to convert them into money. The less time it takes to turn assets into money, the more liquid they are. Liquidity of the company's balance sheet the degree of coverage of the obligations of the enterprise by its assets, the period of transformation of which into money corresponds to the maturity of the obligations. Enterprise liquidity the ability of a business entity to make the necessary expenses at any time. Capital investment limit the maximum amount of capital investments for the planned commissioning of capacities or for the creation of regulatory reserves for capital construction. Lending limit the maximum amount of a loan or debt balance in the planning period. License special permission for a legal entity of authorized state bodies to carry out specific business transactions specified by law, including foreign trade (export and import). Health insurance form of social protection of the interests of the population in health protection; related to the compensation of citizens' expenses for medical care and other expenses for maintaining health. Health insurance a form of social protection of the interests of the population in the protection of health. Guarantees citizens to receive medical care in the event of an insured event. It is carried out in two forms, mandatory and voluntary. Local taxes and fees taxes and fees established by the representative bodies of local self-government independently in accordance with federal laws. local finance a set of funds generated and used to resolve issues of local importance. Local budget the budget of the municipality, the formation, approval and execution of which is carried out by local governments. Overheads the costs of economic maintenance of production and enterprise management, which are additional to the main costs and, along with them, are included in production costs. Cash circulation the movement of cash in the sphere of circulation and the performance of two functions by them: means of circulation and means of payment. The tax is the obligatory contribution of the payer to the budget and extra-budgetary funds in the amounts determined by law and within the established time limits. It expresses the monetary relations that have developed between the state and legal entities and individuals in connection with the redistribution of national income and the mobilization of financial resources to the budgetary and non-budgetary funds of the state. Tax system a set of different types of taxes, in the construction and calculation methods of which certain principles are implemented. Consists of direct and indirect taxes; the direct ones are set directly on the income or property of the taxpayer, the latter are included in the form of a surcharge in the price of the goods (tariff for the service) and are paid by the consumer. As part of indirect taxes, there are: excises, fiscal monopolies, customs duties. Tax holidays a certain period of time during which the payer is granted a benefit in the form of exemption from paying tax. Tax breaks full or partial exemption of taxpayers from paying taxes in accordance with applicable law. tax control specialized control by state bodies over compliance with tax laws, the correctness of calculations, the completeness and timeliness of paying taxes and other obligatory payments by legal entities and individuals. Tax credit one of the tax benefits, consisting in the deferral of tax collection. Nominal the face or principal value (as opposed to market value) indicated on a stock, bond, bill, coupon, banknote, or other instrument. Par value of a share share in the share capital of the company, indicated on the front side of the share. Depreciation rate percentage of the cost of fixed capital, which is annually included in the cost of manufactured products (services). Security of credit types and forms of guaranteed obligations of the borrower to the creditor (bank) to reimburse the amount of borrowed funds (credit) in cases of their possible non-repayment by the borrower. Bonds interest-bearing securities. They are issued by state bodies to cover the budget deficit and by joint-stock companies in order to raise capital. Unlike stocks, bonds have a maturity date. Government bonds short- and long-term securities issued by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation to raise funds from investors and to fulfill the functions of the state. Savings bonds government securities issued to raise funds from investors, but intended primarily for placement among the public. Current assets funds advanced to working capital and circulation funds. Working capital assets are represented by such assets as raw materials, materials, fuel, containers, work in progress, deferred expenses, etc.; circulation funds in goods (in the warehouse and in shipment) and in cash (at the cash desk of the enterprise, on its current account and other accounts, in settlements). Working capital the share of the company's capital invested in current assets, in fact, all current assets. Net working capital is the difference between current assets and current (short-term) liabilities. debt service payment of interest and repayment of the principal amount of the debt for a certain reporting period. Return on capital investment an indicator of the effectiveness of capital investments, defined as the ratio of capital investments to the economic effect obtained from their use in the production process. Operational management management of the property of an enterprise financed by the owner. Salary form of monetary or in-kind remuneration of employees. Wholesale (selling) price the wholesale price of an enterprise or the price of a manufacturer of products at which goods are sold to other enterprises and organizations. Option the right to buy or sell shares at a fixed price within a specified period. Fixed non-productive assets Durable items that serve non-productive consumption in society. These include residential buildings, clinics, clubs, sanatoriums, stadiums, etc., which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Basic production assets means of labor (buildings, structures, machinery and equipment, vehicles, etc.), with the help of which products are manufactured. They serve a long time, retain their natural form during the production process and transfer their value to the finished product in parts, as they wear out. Replenished through capital investments. Fixed assets cash invested in fixed assets for production and non-production purposes. Residual value the difference between the initial cost of fixed assets and the amount of the contribution, the amount that the company expects to receive from the sale of assets (fixed capital) at the end of their useful life. Deferred payment the portion of the agreed price that will be paid at a predetermined time in the future. Offshore limited territories in which there are especially preferential economic conditions. Just like "tax havens", they are a kind of free economic zones. Fund valuation value expression of funds used in financial statements. Order of payments the established sequence of debiting funds from the company's account in the presence of several urgent and overdue payments and insufficiency of funds for their full repayment. Pension guaranteed monthly payment of sums of money for the material security of citizens in connection with old age, disability, length of service and death of the breadwinner. Bill of exchange (draft) a written order of one person (the drawer) to another person (payer) on the payment, on demand or on a certain date, of the amount of money indicated in the bill to a third party (beneficiary) or the bearer of this bill. Capital switching termination of funding in one area of activity and the opening of funding for new areas of activity. Revaluation of funds change in the valuation of funds under the influence of price and other factors that determine the conditions for reproduction. Reinsurance a special form of insurance that allows you to distribute large risks among many insurance organizations. payback the time required for the amount invested in a particular project to be fully returned from the funds received as a result of the main activities of this project. Planning a process that ensures a balanced interaction of individual types of resources within the selected management object, establishing proportions and growth rates. Payment order a settlement document issued by the payer containing an instruction to the bank to transfer a certain amount of money from the payer's account to the recipient's account; used in settlements for commodity and non-commodity transactions, advance payments. Payment request settlement document issued by the supplier, containing an instruction to the bank to receive the amount of money due to it from the payer on the basis of relevant documents evidencing the transactions performed. Payment request-order a settlement document issued by a supplier containing a requirement for the buyer to pay, on the basis of settlement and shipping documents sent to the payer's servicing bank, the cost of products delivered under the contract, work performed, services rendered. Payment balance the ratio of payments made by the country abroad, and the receipts received by it from abroad for a certain period of time (month, quarter, half year, year). It includes the balance of trade, which reflects the ratio of the value of exports and imports of goods of the country for the corresponding period, the balance of services and non-commercial payments. Together they form the balance of payments for current operations. The country's general balance of payments forms the balance of payments for current operations and the balance of movement of capital and creditors, as well as the movement of gold and foreign exchange reserves. The overall balance of payments in Russia in recent years is negative, which is explained by the negative balance in the balance of capital and credit flows between countries. Payment turnover the totality of all monetary payments in the country's economy. Contract a contract under which one party (contractor) undertakes, at its own risk, to perform specific work on behalf of the other party (customer). Portfolio the totality of securities owned by the enterprise at a specific date; result of financial investments. Securities portfolio investments in securities of various types, duration and liquidity, managed as a whole. Allowance regular or lump-sum cash payment provided to citizens of the country in connection with temporary disability, pregnancy and childbirth, at the birth of a child, for child care, etc. Duty one of the types of indirect taxes. Preference a privilege or provision of a special tax regime for a group of economic entities, allowing them not to bear part of their tax obligations for a specified period of time. Profit the final financial result of the enterprise; defined as the difference between revenue and costs. Privatization the process of changing property relations when transferring a state enterprise to other forms of ownership, including collective, joint-stock and private. preferred share a share that gives the holder priority rights over the holder of common stock to receive dividends immediately after the payment of interest on bonds and loans. It usually has a limited fixed dividend and no voting rights. Lending principles urgency, payment, repayment and material security of the loan. Production capacity the maximum possible output of products with the most complete and rational use of fixed production and circulating assets, as well as financial resources. Promissory note an unconditional monetary obligation of the form established by law, issued by a bank (drawer) to an individual or legal entity (bill holder), giving the latter the right to require the borrower to pay by a certain date the amount of money specified in the bill. Prospectus a document containing the necessary information on the issue of securities subject to registration in the prescribed manner. Budget surplus excess of budget revenues over its expenditures. Denationalization transfer of state property to its other forms. If denationalization is expressed in the acquisition by citizens of state and municipal enterprises as private property, as well as in the creation of a joint-stock company, then this is privatization. Budget expenditures economic relations related to the distribution of the state's fund of funds and its use for sectoral, departmental, targeted and territorial purposes. The costs of financing the national economy, social and cultural activities (education, health care, social security), national defense, the maintenance of government and law enforcement agencies, the cost of public domestic debt, the cost of providing financial support to the territories, etc. are included. Checking account an account opened by banks for legal entities to store funds and make settlements. Economic regulation purposeful change in the pace of development of the national economy and its individual structural units on the basis of the redistribution of financial resources. Regulatory income federal and regional taxes and other payments for which the federal laws and laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation establish the rates of deductions (as a percentage) to local budgets for the coming financial year. Reserve fund target source created by regular deductions from the profits of the enterprise. These funds should be in highly liquid assets. Complaint a claim made by the buyer to the seller in connection with the non-compliance of the quality and / or quantity of the delivered goods with the terms of the contract. Profitability one of the main cost indicators of production efficiency. It characterizes the level of return on costs invested in the production process and sales of products, work and services. External debt restructuring extension of the maturity of the debt and the payment of interest on it. Fiscal debt restructuring determination of the total debt to the budget, determination of the terms of its repayment, control and observance during this period of mandatory terms for the payment of current payments to the budgets and extra-budgetary funds. Budget painting the main operational plan for the distribution of income-expenditures by subdivisions of the budget classification, in which the deadlines for the receipt of taxes and other payments and the expenditure of budgetary funds during the year are indicated. Market value the amount that can be obtained by selling assets (property) on the market. self-insurance a set of measures aimed at preventing risks, creating reserve funds of material and financial resources, etc. Self-financing one of the methods of financial support for reproduction costs, based on the use of economic entities' own financial resources. In case of insufficiency of own funds, enterprises use financial resources attracted on the basis of issuing securities. Reorganization of the enterprise a set of measures to improve the financial condition of the enterprise and prevent bankruptcy. Savings bank a credit and financial institution designed to accumulate the savings of the population and the funds of enterprises and their effective placement for profit. Free market economy such an economic system in which the distribution of resources is determined not by the state, but by decisions made at the level of individual entrepreneurs or enterprises. Free market a market in which government regulation has no effect on the balance of supply and demand. Production cost total costs for the production and sale of products. Sequestration a proportional reduction in public spending on all budget items (except for protected ones) during the time remaining until the end of the year. Price system a set of different types of prices (wholesale, purchase, retail, etc.) that are closely interconnected and interdependent. Estimate a financial document containing information on the formation and expenditure of funds in accordance with their intended purpose. Estimated expenses and income financial plan of the institution (organization) carrying out non-commercial activities. Estimated funding method of covering the costs of institutions and organizations in accordance with the approved estimate. Mixed (limited) partnership organizational and legal form of a commercial organization based on an agreement between participants who are general partners and limited partners. Property legal relations arising from the possession, use and disposal of property. Own revenues of territorial budgets regional and local taxes and fees, deductions from taxes of higher budgets transferred to regional and local budgets on a permanent basis in a firmly fixed share. Social Security a system of distribution relations, in the process of which public funds of funds are formed and used at the expense of a part of the national income for the material provision of citizens in old age, due to disability, in the event of loss of a breadwinner and in other cases established by law. Social insurance a system of economic relations through which funds are formed and spent, intended for the material support of the disabled. Funds for mutual settlements amounts received by local budgets or transferred from local budgets to the budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation in connection with changes in revenues and expenditures of local budgets arising as a result of decisions taken by state authorities and not taken into account when approving the relevant budgets; Subvention budgetary funds provided to the budget of another level of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation or to a legal entity on a gratuitous and irrevocable basis for the implementation of certain targeted expenditures; Subsidy budgetary funds provided to the budget of another level of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation, to an individual or legal entity on the terms of shared financing of targeted expenses; Loan interest the price of credit funds in the loan capital market for their consumer properties to bring income (profit) to the user of the loan (borrower). Stagnation the state of the economy, characterized by the stagnation of economic activity for a sufficiently long period of time. Stagflation the state of the national economy of the country, characterized by the simultaneous interweaving of a protracted weakening of economic activity (stagnation) with inflation. Insurance a system of special, redistributive relations that arise between the participants of the insurance fund in connection with its formation at the expense of earmarked cash contributions and the use of a business entity to compensate for damages and provide assistance to citizens (or their families) in the event of insured events in their lives (reaching a certain age, loss disability, death, etc.). There are: property insurance, the object of which are various material values; personal insurance, which is based on events in the life of individuals; liability insurance, the subject of which is the possible obligations of the insured to compensate for damage (harm) to third parties; business risk insurance, where the object is the risk of non-profit or loss. Sum insured the amount of money for which the property, life and health of citizens are actually insured. Insurance compensation the amount paid by the insurer for property insurance and liability insurance to cover damage in the event of an insured event. Insurance tariff the rate of insurance payments expressed in rubles and kopecks per unit of the sum insured for a certain period. Customs taxes levied on the importation, exportation and transportation of goods through the territory of a given state. The following rates of customs duties are used: ad valorem - determined as a percentage of the customs value of goods; specific - established in a fixed amount per unit of goods; combined combining elements of ad valorem and specific customs duties. Rate a kind of price, a fee charged by an organization from enterprises, organizations and the population for services (household, utilities, transport, etc.). Current expenses costs incurred in the process of producing products and providing services for profit and attributed to this reporting year. Current financial management a field of activity aimed at the current financial support of entrepreneurship; a form of managing the process of formation and use of cash funds, making current payments and settlements. Territorial budgets the totality of the budgets of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation, territories, regions, national districts, districts, cities, towns, rural settlements. Territorial off-budget funds a set of funds mobilized by regional and local authorities to finance measures for the economic and social development of territories. Territorial finance a system of economic relations through which the national income is distributed and redistributed for the economic and social development of the territories. This is a set of funds at the disposal of regional government bodies and local governments. Territorial consolidated financial balance a system of financial indicators characterizing the creation and use of financial resources in the territory for a certain period. Commodity exchange a specially organized market where mass goods are bought and sold. On the commodity exchange, both spot transactions (delivery of cash goods immediately or in a very short time), and transactions for delivery at a certain place and by a certain date in the future (forward contracts), as well as futures contracts can be concluded. Trade margin part of the retail price of a product that provides reimbursement for current costs and profits for retailers. Transfer price wholesale price serving the turnover of goods and services within a given enterprise or firm; at this price, payments are made for raw materials, semi-finished products and services. Transfer payments transfer payments, one of the forms of redistribution of state budget funds. Trust (trust) operations associated with relationships by proxy: inheritance management, performance of operations by proxy and in connection with guardianship, agency services. Charter an official document confirming the legality of the creation of a company, containing the nature and rules of its activities, the basics of relationships between members, etc. Discount rate the rate of interest charged by the Central Bank when lending to commercial banks. Constituent documents documents that serve as the basis for the establishment of a newly created enterprise, company, joint-stock company and their registration in the prescribed manner. Factoring a kind of trading and commission operations, combined with lending to the client's working capital. Federalism (budgetary) a legislatively adopted norm of equal (partnership) relations between the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the formation of budget revenues at all levels due to the optimal combination of their tax potential, financial, economic, social functions performed and existing socially necessary needs. Financial Information a system of financial indicators intended for decision-making and designed for specific users. Financial statements are a set of documents containing information about financial performance. Financial Policy the activities of the state, the enterprise for the purposeful use of finance. The content of the financial policy includes: the development of concepts for the development of finance, the definition of the main directions of their use and the development of measures aimed at achieving the goals set. Financial system a term used to denote essentially different concepts: a) a set of spheres and links of financial relations interconnected. In this meaning, the country’s financial system includes three large areas: finance of enterprises, institutions, organizations; insurance; public finances. Each of them consists of links; b) the totality of the country’s financial institutions, which include financial authorities and all structural divisions of the State Tax Service. Financial strategy a set of measures aimed at achieving long-term financial goals. Financial and industrial group a group of enterprises, institutions, credit organizations (including banks) and investment institutions that pooled their capital on a voluntary basis or consolidated their stakes. Financial support of the reproductive process covering costs at the expense of financial resources accumulated by business entities and the state. It is carried out in three forms: self-financing, lending and public funding. Financial planning planning of financial resources and cash funds. Financial condition of the enterprise security or insecurity of the enterprise with funds to ensure its economic activity. Financial ratios relative indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise, which express the relationship of some absolute financial indicators to others. Financial results the process of obtaining financial resources associated with the production and sale of goods, operations in the capital market. Financial resources cash income, savings and receipts, formed in the hands of economic entities and the state and intended for the purpose of expanded reproduction, material incentives for workers, satisfaction of social needs, defense and public administration needs. They are material carriers of financial relations. Used in stock and non-stock forms. financial funds monetary funds formed at the expense of financial resources. The purpose of financial funds is to prepare conditions that ensure the satisfaction of constantly changing social needs. financial apparatus financial authorities. These include the highest legislative authorities - the Federal Assembly and its two chambers, the State Duma and the Federation Council, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and its local bodies, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties, the Federal Tax Police Service, the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, financial departments and departments at enterprises of various forms of ownership, performing the functions of operational financial management. Financial control an element of the financial management system, a special sphere of cost control over the financial activities of all economic entities (the state, territorial administrative entities, enterprises and organizations), compliance with financial and economic legislation, the expediency of production costs, and the economic efficiency of financial and economic operations. financial leasing characterized by a long contract period (from 5 to 10 years) and depreciation of all or most of the cost of equipment. In fact, financial leasing is a form of long-term lending. Financial management the process of managing cash flow, the formation and use of financial resources of enterprises. It is also a system of forms, methods and techniques, with the help of which the management of money circulation and financial resources is carried out. financial mechanism a set of forms of organization of financial relations, methods (methods) of formation and use of financial resources used by society in order to create favorable conditions for the economic and social development of society. In accordance with the structure of the financial system, the financial mechanism is divided into the financial mechanism of enterprises (organizations, institutions), the insurance mechanism, the budgetary mechanism, etc. In each of them, according to the functional purpose, the following links can be distinguished: mobilization of financial resources, financing, stimulation, etc. Financial report a report that provides information on the financial position of the enterprise, its income, costs and net profit, the use of financial resources for a certain period of time. Financial market the market in which capitals and credits circulate. The financial market is divided into the market of short-term capital and the market of long-term loan capital. Finance a system of economic relations in the process of which the formation, distribution and use of centralized and decentralized funds of funds take place in order to fulfill the functions and tasks of the state and provide conditions for expanding reproduction, meeting the social needs of society. Compensation Fund target source of financing for simple reproduction. accumulation fund target source of financing for expanded reproduction, the use of which increases the assets of the enterprise. payroll fund target source of financing for labor costs, payment of bonuses, remunerations attributable to cost. Capital-labor ratio the indicator of the equipping of fixed production assets (the size of fixed production assets per one employee or worker of the enterprise). capital intensity return on capital ratio. It is calculated as the ratio of the value of fixed production assets to the volume of production. futures urgent contact, urgent deal. holding company a joint-stock company that uses its capital to acquire controlling interests in other companies for the purpose of managing, managing and receiving dividends. Securities monetary documents evidencing the provision of a loan (bonds) or the acquisition by the owner of the security of the right to a part of the property (share). In terms of economic content, securities represent long-term obligations of the issuer to pay income to the owner of the security in the form of a dividend or fixed interest. There are two types: equity (stocks) and debt (bonds). Check a type of security, a monetary document of a strictly established form, containing an order from the account holder (drawer) to pay a certain person or the bearer of a check (check holder) the amount specified in it. Economic instrument economic category, deliberately, purposefully used in the interests of business entities and the state. It can have a quantitative and qualitative impact on social production. Economic stimulus an economic lever, with the help of which it is possible to influence the material interests of business entities. The influence on material interests occurs through the forms of organization of financial relations. Entity an enterprise acting as a subject of citizenship, including economic rights and obligations, having an independent balance sheet, a stamp seal and a bank account, acting on the basis of a charter or regulation and liable in case of bankruptcy with its property. Author: Shevchuk D.A. << Back: Credit consulting (provision of consulting services on lending)
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