Money. Credit. Banks. Forms and types of loans (lecture notes)

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Money. Credit. Banks. Forms and types of loans (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Forms and types of loans

Signs of classification of loans:

1) categories of lender and borrower

2) term of provision

3) the form in which a specific loan is provided

4) material form (fundamental feature)

▪ commodity - the provision by the creditor of things determined by the generic characteristic in the counter transfer of the equivalent.

▪ monetary - based on the commodity form.

▪ mixed (commercial) - combines a number of properties of the first two (the goods are transferred - they are extinguished by money and vice versa). Also found in bonds. Non-cash redemption of bonds:

▪ conversion (if convertible) into shares or bonds of other series

▪ if the bond is a housing certificate - transfer it to the home owner

▪ receipt by the owner of goods produced by the issuer free of charge or at a discount

Loan Forms (depending on who the lender is): commercial, banking, civil, state, international, consumer.

Commercial.

It is provided by sellers to buyers in the form of a deferred payment for goods or by buyers to sellers in the form of an advance payment or prepayment for goods supplied.

Now there are 3 types of commercial loans:

1. Fixed maturity

2. with payment of the price only after the sale by the buyer of the goods delivered in installments (consignment).

3. lending on an open account.

Bank.

It is provided only by specialized credit institutions that have a license to carry out such operations from the Central Bank. Borrowers - legal entities, state, local authorities, population. The interest rate is higher than the % in commercial. The delivery time is higher than in the commercial one. They are classified according to a number of criteria:

▪ Delivery method - a) cash, non-cash, b) refinancing, c) re-registration, d) promissory note credit.

▪ Loan currency (in national, in the currency of the creditor, in the currency of third countries).

▪ Number of participants (bilateral, multilateral transactions).

▪ Purpose of a bank loan:

a) to increase fixed capital, b) to temporarily replenish current transactions, c) on a consumer basis, including mortgage loans.

▪ Giving technique:

a) one-time (provided in one amount), b) limited (overdraft and line of credit). A credit line involves the use of borrowed funds within the established limit. Overdraft - lending to a client's current account from the bank's funds (usually up to 20-30% of the average monthly turnover on the client's current account) to eliminate a temporary lack of working capital for the enterprise to make current payments.

▪ Security criterion - secured, unsecured. Collateral - any liquid property, more often - the borrower's real estate. If he violates the terms of the loan, the security is withdrawn to pay off debts.

▪ Maturity. Short-term (no more than 1 year), medium-term (1 to 3 years) and long-term (more than 3 years).

▪ Repayment methods. 1) in one amount at the end of the term, 2) in installments, 3) in unequal shares, as a rule, during the term of the loan.

▪ By type of interest rate - fixed and floating.

▪ Methods of charging interest. 1) % is paid at the time of total repayment (in a market economy), 2) in equal installments of the borrower throughout the entire period, 3) % is withheld at the time of the direct issuance of a loan to the borrower.

Civil (personal).

Between citizens, mostly relatives, no loan agreement is drawn up.

State.

Indispensable participation of the state in the face of central and local executive authorities. On the other hand, legal entities and individuals. The state is a borrower or lender. More often, a borrower with a bond issue is a government loan. Types of government loan:

1. by terms of provision: short-term (up to 1 year), medium-term (from 1 to 5 years), long-term (over 5 years).

2.By location: domestic and foreign (international)

3. according to the subject of relations: central and local authorities.

4. by market status: market (freely placed on the stock market), non-market - loans designed for a certain category of investors (not for circulation on the market).

5. by yield: winning (based on the lottery), interest, zero coupon.

6. according to the method of determining income: with fixed and floating income.

International credit.

1) commercial (intercompany)

2) banking

3) interstate

Classification of international loans on the basis of:

1.by source: domestic, foreign, mixed.

2. according to the intended purpose: commercial or monetary.

3. by the period of provision: short-term, long-term, medium-term.

4. by currency of provision: borrower country, creditor, third country.

+ additional protection by private insurance and government guarantees.

Consumer credit.

Target form of lending to individuals. The goal is to satisfy the needs of the consumer. Lenders - banks, special organizations and other legal entities (for details, see the book Shevchuk D.A. Loans to individuals. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2008).

Mortgage loan for the purchase of housing or secured by non-target (for more details, see Shevchuk D.A. Mortgage: just about complicated. - M .: GrossMedia: ROSBUH, 2008, Shevchuk D.A. An apartment on credit without problems. - M .: AST : Astrel, 2008 and Shevchuk D.A. Buying a house and land: step by step - M.: AST: Astrel, 2008).

Author: Shevchuk D.A.

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