Table of contents (expand)
- Necessity and prerequisites for the emergence and use of money
- The modern banking system of the Russian Federation, its structure
- Essence, functions and properties of money
- The role of money in a commodity economy
- The concept of the type and form of money (D)
- Electronic money (ED), their properties and features
- Monetary systems (DS), device, types
- Management principles and functioning of the monetary system
- Elements of the country's monetary system (BCS)
- Cash and payment turnover (DO and PO), its structure
- Release of money into economic circulation
- Principles of organization of cash circulation
- Principles of organization of non-cash money circulation
- bank loan cartoon
- Money supply and monetary aggregates. Velocity of money
- Empirical laws of money circulation
- Quantitative laws of circulation of money
- Methods of state regulation of money circulation
- Nominal and metallic theory of money
- Types, types and forms of inflation
- Forms of manifestation, causes and consequences of inflation
- Methods, limits, contradictions of inflation regulation
- Foreign exchange market
- Concept, structure and elements of currency systems
- World Monetary System: Evolution and Current State
- Regulation of foreign exchange transactions
- country's balance of payments.
- The concept of credit and the need for its appearance
- The main stages in the development of credit relations
- Functions, role and boundaries of credit
- Forms and types of loans
- Loan interest (interest income) and interest rate
- Determination of the market rate of interest
- Nominal and real interest rates
- Types of nominal interest rates
- Factors Determining Differences in Interest Rates
- Interest income calculation
- Lending organization
- Credit risks and creditworthiness of the borrower
- Loan collateral and credit management
- Capital-creating theories of credit
- Theories of credit
- Central banks, their functions and monetary regulation
- Instruments and methods of monetary policy
- Essence and functions of commercial banks
- Balance sheet and operations of commercial banks
- Credit and financial institutions of the country
- Banking and monetary systems of the USA, England, Germany, Japan, France, Italy and Canada
- Banking Legislation
- Regulation of monetary circulation
- Private banking ("Private banking")
- Credit consulting (provision of consulting services on lending)
- Terminological dictionary
Money supply and monetary aggregates. Velocity of money
The release of money into economic circulation generates the circulation of the money supply.
Money supply - this is the total volume of cash and non-cash liquid funds at the disposal of the state, legal entities and individuals, which mediate the circulation of goods and ensure payments, both domestic and international. The composition of the money supply includes: only highly liquid funds available to all economic entities: the state, firms, households, residents and non-residents; money in various forms of cash and non-cash circulation; all modern types of money; money associated with performing not only the functions of a medium of circulation and a means of payment, but also a means of accumulation, world money.
Monetary aggregate is an indicator of the money supply of a certain type. Different countries take into account different numbers of monetary aggregates. Aggregates are divided into absolute (simple) and relative (index). Simple aggregate absolute indicators include: monetary base, aggregates M0, M1, M2, M3, M4 (L).
Monetary base is the total amount of cash and cash reserves of depository institutions. It constitutes the total supply of money from the government. It includes: cash in circulation (monetary aggregate M0); cash in bank cash desks; mandatory reserves of credit institutions for funds raised into accounts in national and foreign currencies transferred to the Bank; funds of credit institutions in correspondent accounts and deposit accounts opened with the Bank of Russia.
M0 - cash (metal coins, treasury bills and banknotes) in circulation (money outside the bank), not including funds in the reserve funds of the RCC of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. A feature of M0 is a very high share in the structure of the money supply (up to 40%); there is no downward trend. In almost all countries it is defined the same way.
M1 (money for transactions) = M0 + funds on settlement, current, special accounts, demand accounts, deposits of legal entities. and f. l. in banks. In M1, cashless money is added to liquid cash, the owner of which can use it at any time.
M2 - the main monetary aggregate, which is used to analyze the state of the monetary sphere; shows the level of monetization of the economy. M2 = M1 + term deposits (up to 1 year) in Sberbank. Feature: slight difference from M1 due to the low share of term deposits. M2X is a variation of the M2 unit. М1+deposits in foreign currency nominated in ruble equivalent.
Broad money = funds in foreign currency accounts + M2 + foreign currency in the hands of the population.
M3 = M2 + time deposits over 1 year + deposits and savings certificates + government securities.
M4 (L) = M3 + all monetary components and monetary surrogates with lower liquidity, a portfolio of government securities held by non-bank holders.
Velocity of money. The velocity of money circulation is an indicator of the number of transactions that money mediates over a certain period of time (usually calculated per year). It is determined by economic (the growth rate of the national economy, the state of the balance of payments, the level of interest rates) and non-economic conditions (inflationary expectations, the propensity to consume, save, the state of panic in the market).
The speed of movement of money in the process of GDP circulation expressed by the formula: VK = GDP/DMА (VK - the speed of movement of money in the process of circulation; DMА - the money supply in the form of one of the aggregates).
Velocity of circulation of money in non-cash circulation characterizes the indicator of money turnover in the payment turnover: VBn = DSat/DMГ (VBn - turnover of money in the payment turnover; ДSat - money in bank accounts; DMГ - the average annual value of the money supply).
Author: Shevchuk D.A.
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