Table of contents (expand)
- Necessity and prerequisites for the emergence and use of money
- The modern banking system of the Russian Federation, its structure
- Essence, functions and properties of money
- The role of money in a commodity economy
- The concept of the type and form of money (D)
- Electronic money (ED), their properties and features
- Monetary systems (DS), device, types
- Management principles and functioning of the monetary system
- Elements of the country's monetary system (BCS)
- Cash and payment turnover (DO and PO), its structure
- Release of money into economic circulation
- Principles of organization of cash circulation
- Principles of organization of non-cash money circulation
- bank loan cartoon
- Money supply and monetary aggregates. Velocity of money
- Empirical laws of money circulation
- Quantitative laws of circulation of money
- Methods of state regulation of money circulation
- Nominal and metallic theory of money
- Types, types and forms of inflation
- Forms of manifestation, causes and consequences of inflation
- Methods, limits, contradictions of inflation regulation
- Foreign exchange market
- Concept, structure and elements of currency systems
- World Monetary System: Evolution and Current State
- Regulation of foreign exchange transactions
- country's balance of payments.
- The concept of credit and the need for its appearance
- The main stages in the development of credit relations
- Functions, role and boundaries of credit
- Forms and types of loans
- Loan interest (interest income) and interest rate
- Determination of the market rate of interest
- Nominal and real interest rates
- Types of nominal interest rates
- Factors Determining Differences in Interest Rates
- Interest income calculation
- Lending organization
- Credit risks and creditworthiness of the borrower
- Loan collateral and credit management
- Capital-creating theories of credit
- Theories of credit
- Central banks, their functions and monetary regulation
- Instruments and methods of monetary policy
- Essence and functions of commercial banks
- Balance sheet and operations of commercial banks
- Credit and financial institutions of the country
- Banking and monetary systems of the USA, England, Germany, Japan, France, Italy and Canada
- Banking Legislation
- Regulation of monetary circulation
- Private banking ("Private banking")
- Credit consulting (provision of consulting services on lending)
- Terminological dictionary
Credit risks and creditworthiness of the borrower
Credit risk assessment
Credit risk - the risk of late or incomplete payment of the debt and / or interest, which is expressed in the possibility of losses for the creditor.
The main reasons for credit risks:
1.negative changes in the economy of the country, region, individual city; crisis in certain industries and the economy as a whole, leading to a decrease in business activity
2. the borrower cannot achieve the planned financial result due to unfavorable changes in the business, economic, and political spheres
3. change in the market value / loss of quality of collateral (in the 1st place - collateral)
4. the possibility of abuse in the use of the loan by the borrower or his staff, including the deterioration of the borrower's business reputation.
Hence - 2 types of credit risk:
portfolio risk - associated with the quality of the bank's assets and their distribution by individual types and categories. It is divided into internal and concentration risk. Internal is associated with a specific borrower, determined by its creditworthiness. The concentration depends on what part of the loan portfolio is made up of loans of the same type by type of borrower, business size, financial position, etc.
Operational risk - associated with the state of the organization and the management of the credit process. It is determined by the quality of the credit policy, including the established standards of creditworthiness, the choice of acceptable collateral, the effectiveness of measures to ensure the return of the loan and the collection policy (collection).
Analysis of the borrower's creditworthiness.
Creditworthiness of the borrower - the ability to timely and fully repay the loan obligation, pay for the goods or return the loan amount with interest.
5 criteria for analyzing the reliability of a loan (method of five "si"):
1.character of the borrower - reputation, degree of responsibility, desire to repay the debt.
2. solvency - the ability to repay a loan.
3.capital - determination of creditworthiness, the state of receivables, etc.
4. collateral - assets that the client can provide as collateral for a loan.
5.conditions - general economic conditions that determine the business climate in the country, business development features in various sectors and regions that affect the bank and the borrower.
This information is obtained from credit files and reports from credit agencies.
Sample report about the company's creditworthiness contains:
1) balance sheet and profit and loss account, 2) ratios reflecting the company’s development trend, 3) information from banks and regular suppliers of the company about violations of loan terms, 4) description of the company’s operating conditions, 5) biography of its owners, cases of bankruptcy, litigation processes, 6) company rating, showing the level of its creditworthiness on a scale A (always fulfills obligations) - P (failure to fulfill obligations).
The 5-si methodology is supplemented by an analysis of the system of financial ratios and cash flow.
System of financial ratios - 5 groups of coefficients:
1.liquidity
2. efficiency (turnover)
3.financial leverage (leverage)
4. profitability
5.debt service.
These indicators are calculated on the basis of actual balance sheet data and other financial statements using data for a number of recent years (in practice - at least 3 years). + reports for the quarters of the current tax period and operational accounting data. An analysis of the cash flow is also carried out (the inflow and outflow of funds are compared).
Classification of borrowers by level of creditworthiness (classes).
Author: Shevchuk D.A.
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