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Self-driving Volvo cars with all-round visibility

01.03.2015

Volvo's self-driving cars, recently introduced by the company, have the means to provide precise location and a full 360° view. These are radars, cameras and laser sensors. A duplicated network of computers processes information, forming a map in real time, which displays moving and stationary objects around the car. The pinpoint location feature uses information about objects around the vehicle, as well as GPS data and a high-resolution XNUMXD digital map that is constantly updated with real-time data. The system is quite reliable and does not require driver control.

The 76 GHz continuous-wave radar and camera are mounted on the windshield - exactly the same solution used in the new Volvo XC90. This system reads road signs and monitors road bends, detects other road users and other objects on the road.

The front and rear bumpers are chosen to house four radar antennas capable of detecting objects in all directions. Radars cover 360°. The same angle, that is, a circular view is provided by four cameras, the task of which is to monitor objects in the immediate vicinity of the car. Two cameras are installed under the exterior mirror housings, the third - in the rear bumper, the fourth - in the grille. These cameras also monitor road markings. The manufacturer notes that the large dynamic range allows the cameras to quickly adjust to changing lighting, for example, when entering and exiting a tunnel.

At the front of the vehicle, under the air intake, there is a multi-beam laser scanning sensor. Its field of view is 140°, the range is 150 m. The sensor allows you to detect and recognize objects in front of the car.

A three-focus camera is installed at the top of the windshield. This is essentially three cameras in a single body: one with a wide 140° field of view, another with a 45° field of view, and a third long-range camera with a narrow 34° field of view, which is necessary for more accurate depth perception and distance estimation. objects. The camera is able to detect suddenly appeared on the road pedestrians and other dangerous objects.

The space behind the car is monitored by long-range radars. There are two of them and both of them are installed in the rear bumper. Their readings are used for vehicles approaching from behind. They are important, for example, when changing lanes.

When driving at low speeds, twelve ultrasonic sensors around the perimeter of the car come into play. They resemble the sensors of existing parking assist systems, but they use a more advanced signal processing system. Ultrasonic sensors are most relevant in situations where a pedestrian or other object suddenly appears near the car.

Using a high-resolution XNUMXD digital map, the vehicle obtains information about the environment, including elevation, road curves, lane count, tunnel geometry, guardrails, signs, ramps and more. In many cases, positioning is taken into account with an error measured in centimeters.

The operation of the vehicle location system is based on the indications of GPS, a three-axis accelerometer and a gyroscope. By comparing the images received from cameras and sensors with the image on the map, the car accurately determines its location in relation to surrounding objects. This allows you to choose the best route in real time, taking into account variables, including road bends, speed limits, sign coverage, and other factors that affect traffic flow.

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