Banking. Credit system (CS), main links, functions and stages of development in Russia (the most important)

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Banking. Credit system (CS), main links, functions and stages of development in Russia (the most important)

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Topic 3. Credit system (CS), main links, functions and stages of development in Russia

The Constitutional Court of Russia plays an exceptional role in the development of economic relations. Through the CS, the essence of the functions of the loan is realized with all its forms and methods of lending. CS is a set of financial institutions that accumulate free cash and lend it. Modern CS consists of two levels:

1) Bank of Russia,

2) Commercial banks and other credit institutions carrying out certain banking operations.

The banking system is the most important element of the credit system. The Bank of Russia (CB) performs the function of the main coordinating and regulatory body in the CU. According to the law "On the Central Bank", he, in cooperation with the government of the Russian Federation, develops and implements the state's monetary policy aimed at protecting and ensuring the stability of the ruble. In the process of implementing the credit policy, the Bank of Russia regulates money circulation, expressed in expansion or credit restructuring. The function of the bank is manifested in its operations. Commercial banks are the second link in the CS. The role of commercial banks (CB) differs significantly from the functions of the Central Bank. CB is directly connected with business entities. The role of CB in the credit system:

1) lending to enterprises, the state and the population;

2) issuing and founding activity;

3) counseling.

The credit system includes various forms of credit: an early form - usury - which was widespread under the slave system and federalism. Moneylenders (merchants, money changers) provided loans to peasants and artisans for a certain fee, the level of which was very high, so they quickly enriched themselves. The development of capitalism, with its high need for money, came into conflict with the conditions of usurious credit, which led to the development of other forms. Commercial credit (CC) - provided for goods by one manufacturer to another. K.k. is drawn up by a bill of exchange, which is a written promissory note of the debtor to pay the amount specified in it at the appointed time. The purpose of the c.c. - accelerating the sale of products and profit. K.k. led to the development of bank credit - this is due to the emergence of intermediaries. A bank loan has the property of universality, since the funds redistributed through banks find their application in all spheres of the economy. The bank acts not only as a creditor, but also as a borrower of its own funds (ds), since financial institutions use borrowed funds in their activities.

State form of credit. If the state has a need for additional cash, then it borrows money. The main form of attracting d.s. state issuance and placement of securities (TSB).

International credit is the provision of foreign exchange and commodity resources on the terms of repayment, urgency, payment. Banks, enterprises, states represented by their governments, international and regional organizations can act as creditors and borrowers.

Authors: Shevchuk D.A., Shevchuk V.A.

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