Banking. Passive operations (PO) of a commercial bank (the most important)

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Banking. Passive operations (PO) of a commercial bank (the most important)

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Topic 27. Passive operations (PO) of a commercial bank

Software is the bank's activity aimed at creating its own and borrowed sources of funds for their further use for conducting operations and generating income. CB liabilities: relationship groups:

1. Relations arising between the owners of the bank on the formation of the management company in accordance with the standards established by the Central Bank.

2. The relationship between a bank and its customers to deposit customer funds in various forms in bank accounts.

3. Relations on the formation of sources of funds to pay off bank expenses are formed in connection with the need to pay interest on deposits, deposits and other bank funds, with the payment of interest on the bank's placed securities (bonds, deposit and savings certificates), with the conduct of transactions (salary , depreciation, material costs, energy, safety, etc.).

4. Relations for the receipt and distribution of banking profits, including: for the payment of taxes, for the payment of dividends to bank owners, for the formation of reserve capital, for increasing the authorized capital (AC), the banking development fund, etc.

5. Relations regarding the formation of special reserve funds intended to insure risks for certain bank operations. In accordance with the existing procedure, banks form the following funds:

а) reserve for ships and other stationed facilities of a similar nature.

б) Provision against depreciation of investments in securities.

в) Provision for other active operations. The process of their formation and use is built by analogy with the reserve for possible losses on loans. The common point for all of them is the allocation of funds for their formation to the expenses of the bank. They are formed and used in strict accordance with the instructions of the Central Bank.

6. Relations between the bank and investors regarding the placement of securities on the market. and the emergence of obligations to repay the securities on time and pay interest on them.

7. Relations between the CB and the Central Bank of the Russian Federation in regulating certain aspects of passive operations, in terms of the extent of attracting funds in them, in regulating the procedure for creating mandatory reserves from attracted funds.

According to the qualitative content, the liabilities of CBs are divided into 2 categories:

1. Own capital (funds).

2. Attracted resources from different clients.

Purpose of passive operations:

1) formation and increase of equity capital 2) attraction of funds from investors, creditors, etc. for carrying out active operations. 3) formation of reserve and insurance funds for compensation of losses. 4) raising additional funds through the issue of securities. 5) creating conditions for remuneration and encouraging bank employees to solve their property and utility problems 6) creating conditions for cost-effective (profitable) operation of the bank to ensure the interests of the state, the owner, in order to develop the bank itself, its structure, etc. 7 ) creation of an effective and efficient control system to limit risks in passive transactions, protect the interests of depositors and creditors. 8) formation of an attractive interest rate policy for passive transactions.

Types of passive operations

Among the passive operations of the design bureau, the following types can be distinguished:

1) issue of securities bank 2) deductions from profits to bank funds 3) deposit operations 4) attraction of interbank loans.

1. Issue of central bank jar. 2 categories: - equity securities. (stock); - debt securities (bonds, savings certificates of deposit). Comparative analysis of fundraising. A) Through shares B) through bonds. C) according to the terms of circulation a) untimely, they give the right to manage the bank b) for a certain period, they do not give the right to manage D) danger for the owners a) you can lose a controlling stake in management, the percentage is not regulated, from the point of view of the bank’s costs, issuing shares will cost the bank more, than bonds. b) interest is regulated, bondholders have priority rights on interest, etc.

2. Operations related to the deduction of profits to bank funds. As a result, the bank's equity capital increases. Only net profit, i.e., what remains after paying taxes, can be distributed to bank funds. The procedure for distributing profits among bank funds is determined by the current legislation in the banking sector, the current charter of the credit organization and other constituent documents. 3 options:

a) during the current year according to established standards b) at the end of the year, after approval of the annual balance sheet, as well as the profit and loss statement. c) the current state, its operational tasks. Increasing the bank's capital stock is a necessary condition for the bank's sustainability, expanding the range of its operations, and attracting additional clients from among legal entities. and f.l., as well as reducing the risks of operations in terms of its possible compensation (reimbursement).

3. Deposit operations are bank activities aimed at attracting funds from a legal entity. and f.l. persons in various forms and for different periods. The exception is funds from other banks. The role of deposit operations in a bank depends on:

a) from the history of the development of the bank. As the bank develops: - the role of deposit operations increases, which gradually come to the fore among the sources of the bank's activities; - the structure of deposit operations changes from the point of view of the bank's clients. Work begins first with legal entities. After 2 years of formation, the bank gets the opportunity to attract personal funds - as the bank develops, the forms of attracting customer funds change (they expand significantly: bills, certificates, the number of deposits increases, various forms of deposits, etc.).

4. Attracting funds from other banks. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation, other commercial banks, and foreign banks can act as a lender. Interbank funds in the form of loans are used by commercial banks, as a rule, in the following situations:

1) newly created banks, due to the underdevelopment of the deposit client base and the need to conduct active operations, have a need to obtain interbank loans. Such banks are characterized by high dependence on the interbank market. This situation is negative for a number of reasons: - unfavorable changes in provisions are possible in the interbank market (changes in loan terms, shortage of resources in the interbank market); - a sharp increase in interest rates. For large banks that have a sufficient deposit base, interbank loans are attracted to carry out certain banking operations, due to their particular attractiveness at the moment. Banks' applications as borrowers are sporadic. Acquisition of interbank loans in order to regulate the liquidity of commercial banks. CBs must report monthly to the Central Bank on liquidity.

Authors: Shevchuk D.A., Shevchuk V.A.

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