Topic 90. Commemorative and investment coins of the Bank of Russia

The acceleration of the growth of the ruble against the US dollar is predicted by the world's leading investment banks. According to the conclusions of analysts, the real exchange rate of the ruble against the dollar: 1 dollar = 10-15 rubles.

The result of the strengthening of the ruble will be a significant slowdown in the Russian economy inflation.

Currency market analysts were talking about the fact that the dollar would have to fall heavily.

The ruble will inevitably strengthen.

The sentiments of financiers continued to be influenced by all the same familiar factors: weak economic data for the US, a growing foreign trade deficit, a decrease in the inflow of foreign capital into the United States, and much more.

There is a question of alternative investments.

Investment coins are popular with customers as they combine monetary value with artistic beauty, ease of acquisition with a bargain sale.

All investment coins, in accordance with the second part of the Tax Code, circulate without charging VAT. Memorables - with VAT. The market value of coins changes depending on world prices for precious metals. Investment coins are products of traditional, highly automated minting production, the circulation of which can reach several million pieces. There are no mirror surfaces on coins of this type. The fields, drawings and inscriptions have the same surface texture; the reliefs do not contrast with the fields.

Banks buy commemorative and investment coins directly from the Bank of Russia. It's just that a client - an individual cannot buy there directly - only at a bank or from someone (individual or legal entity) who has already bought.

At the moment, the Bank of Russia sells investment coins:

1. George the Victorious (Metal - gold)

Denomination - 50 rubles. Sample - 99,99 Au.

The content of chemically pure metal is 7,78 grams.

Diameter - 22,60 mm.

2. George the Victorious (Metal - silver)

Denomination - 3 rubles. Sample - 99,99 Ag. The content of chemically pure metal is 31,10 grams. Diameter - 39,00 mm.

Commemorative coins are issued periodically.

The Bank of Russia sells commemorative coins made of precious metals to banks at a price including VAT. In turn, banks sell coins to customers at prices that also include VAT.

The market value of coins depends on a number of factors:

metal cost.

Coin quality.

Circulation of the coin.

The time since the coin was issued.

The acquisition of coins and their subsequent sale is possible in two ways:

Option 1 - direct redemption of coins by the bank at its own expense, with subsequent sale.

Option 2 - commission - redemption of coins at the expense and on behalf of the client.

Comparison of options is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

The Bank has the right to redeem investment and commemorative coins made of precious metals, which are legal tender, from the population. Not all banks are involved in buybacks - this information is available on the Internet.

The bank redeems the coins at the price of the metal.

For this purpose, the bank announces purchase quotes daily.

The purchase of a coin is made after the examination.

The examination includes a visual inspection of the coin and a comparison of the parameters of the coin with the catalog of coins.

If there are no mechanical damages, grease spots, other defects on the coin and the capsule of the coin, if the obverse / reverse of the coin corresponds to the parameters of the catalog, the coin is recognized as redeemable.

If necessary, the bank (in case of doubt) has the right to measure the parameters of the coin (diameter, thickness, weight). The measurement of the parameters of the coin is carried out at the cash desk of the bank in the presence of the client.

From the comment received in the security service (Sat), the bank, in case of any doubt, refuses to accept the coin from the client.

After the examination of the coin, the bank:

Forms a contract for the purchase and sale of coins.

Forms an act of acceptance - transfer of coins.

Generates incoming and outgoing documents for the cash register.

The procedure for redeeming coins takes from 30 minutes and depends on the number of coins.

To start the procedure for redeeming coins in a bank, you must:

Purchase a coin scale.

Buy measuring equipment.

Hire an employee (cashier) who knows the rules for working with coins made of precious metals, or send an employee for training.

When the Client applies for the purpose of selling the Coin(s), the bank employee:

Informs the Client about the purchase price of Coins from individual clients.

Informs the Client that the Coins are bought only in good quality: Coins have a smooth, shiny/mirror/shiny (depending on the type of coins) surface of the field and relief, clear, clear lines of drawings. It is not allowed to have scratches, burrs and notches visible to the naked eye, non-concentric location of the edge, spots, fingerprints, etc. on the surfaces of the coin.

If the Client agrees with the proposed conditions, the bank employee:

Asks to present a document proving the identity of the Client to identify the identity of the Client and draw up cash documents;

Checks the quality of accepted Coins.

Draws up an incoming cash order in 3 copies;

Draws up an account cash order for Coins in 3 copies;

Signs in the incoming and outgoing cash orders and invites the Client to sign them;

Takes the Coins from the Client and transfers them for storage.

Transfers, in accordance with the established procedure, receipt and expenditure cash orders for carrying out control procedures to the controlling employee;

Transfers in the prescribed manner the receipt and expenditure cash warrants to the cashier;

Cashier:

Verifies the data of the Client's identity document with the data specified in the cash documents;

Issues cash to the Client from the Cash Desk indicated in the outgoing cash order.

Signs in the incoming and outgoing cash orders, stamps the cash register.

Transfers to the Client incoming and outgoing cash warrants.

As part of its issuing activity, the Bank of Russia puts into circulation commemorative coins made of precious and non-precious metals and bullion coins made of precious metals, which are distributed both within the country and abroad. The Bank of Russia has been engaged in this activity since its foundation - since 1992 (previously, in 1965 - 1991, commemorative and investment coins were issued by the State Bank of the USSR).

The central place in the issues of the Bank of Russia in recent years has been occupied by coins of the historical and sports series, such long-term programs as "Outstanding Personalities of Russia", "Architectural Monuments of Russia", "Russia in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage", "Golden Ring of Russia", " Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", "Red Book", "Let's Save Our World", "Lunar Calendar" and others.

In 1996, for the first time, Russian citizens were offered new coins for the domestic market for investment purposes. This is a gold chervonets of 1975-1982 of ordinary quality and a silver coin of 1995 with the image of a sable.

In accordance with the decision of the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia dated March 5, 2001, ordinary quality gold chervonets and the Sobol silver coin circulate in the Russian Federation as legal tender along with new designs of coins put into circulation since January 1, 1998.

In February 2006, the Bank of Russia put into circulation a new gold coin for investment purposes with the image of St. George the Victorious, and in 2009 - a similar silver coin. At the moment, only these coins are investment coins (that is, VAT is not added when selling, unlike commemorative ones).

Gold chervonets of ordinary quality, gold coin "George the Victorious", silver coin "Sable", as well as gold coins of the "Signs of the Zodiac" series have the status and technical characteristics of coins made of precious metals, operations with which in accordance with the provisions of Article 149 of the second part of the Tax Code Russian Federation are not subject to value added tax. These provisions, as well as the relatively low cost of manufacturing the above coins, make it possible to circulate them at prices close to the value of the precious metals they contain.

According to the experts of Credit Broker deniskredit.ru, this creates the prerequisites for the use of gold and silver coins as an independent tool for investing free cash.

Detailed information on coins of 1992 and subsequent years of issue is contained in the Commemorative Coins Database.

Coins of the Bank of Russia are produced at the Moscow and St. Petersburg Mints, are distinguished by a high level of artistic design and impeccable quality of coinage, are recognized and in steady demand both in Russia itself and abroad, have been repeatedly awarded prizes according to the results of surveys conducted by specialized foreign numismatic publications and organizations.

The distributors of commemorative and investment coins of the Bank of Russia in the domestic market are credit organizations of the Russian Federation (currently there are more than 100 commercial banks, for example, CB Rublevsky LLC).

Since the 70s, coins have been issued in Russia from precious metals for collection and investment purposes. During the Soviet period, all of them were intended for sale on the international market, and on the territory of the USSR they were sold only to foreigners for freely convertible currency. Only in the 90s, as a number of legislative and administrative bans and restrictions were lifted, these coins began to be sold in Russia for Russian rubles - a domestic coin market emerged and developed. Today you can find commemorative and investment coins made of gold, silver, platinum and palladium with issue dates starting from 1975.

The Russian coin market is a network of credit institutions, numismatic firms and clubs in most regions of the Russian Federation. Employees of commercial banks, trade organizations, numismatists are involved in operations with coins, who are constantly faced with the problem of identifying coins, determining their authenticity.

This memo does not pretend to be a universal methodological guide to identifying counterfeit and counterfeit coins; it attempts to highlight this problem from the standpoint of practical work with domestic coins, to formulate the main recommendations that can form the basis of such work.

To begin with, let us recall the basic concepts applied to the description of a coin.

The front side of the coin (obverse) bears the image of the official symbols (the state emblem, the emblem of the Bank of Russia, the artistic symbols of Moscow), the face value of the coin, the year of issue. In addition, the designation of the precious metal according to the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev, the alloy sample, the mass of chemically pure precious metal in the coin in grams and the trademark of the mint-manufacturer are applied to the obverse.

On the reverse side (reverse) there are portraits of the anniversaries, drawings and motifs related to the topic to which the coin is dedicated, or other symbols. There are exceptions when the face value of the coin is located on the reverse (gold chervonets 1923 and 1975-1982).

The edge of the coin disc on the sides of the obverse and reverse is framed by a piping that protrudes above the relief image of both sides of the coin and has the shape of a continuous narrow ring in plan view.

The side surface of a coin is called a edge.

All drawings and inscriptions applied to the obverses and reverses of coins are executed in relief, that is, protruding above the field - flat areas devoid of any images and inscriptions. Gold chervonets issued in the USSR also have an inscription on the edge "PURE GOLD 1 ZOLOTONIK AND 78,24 SHARE (P L)", made not in relief, but in deep font.

The totality of all alphabetic and digital inscriptions found on a coin (on the obverse, reverse and edge) is called a legend.

The ligature weight of a coin is its total weight in grams.

The content of the precious metal in a coin reflects the absolute value of the amount of chemically pure precious metal in the coin in grams.

The assay of a coin shows the ratio between the amount of chemically pure precious metal in a coin and its total (ligature) weight. It is expressed by the number of weight units of chemically pure precious metal in 1000 weight units of the ligature mass of the coin.

According to the features of the technological process of minting, coins are divided into two main groups:

▪ performed as “proof” (or “proof-like”);

▪ performed in normal (“A/C”) or improved (“B/A”) quality.

Proof quality coins are produced by a method that allows to obtain a clean, mirror-like field and a matte relief image and inscriptions on the surface of the coin. As a rule, these are collectible coins, the issue of which is timed to coincide with anniversaries and memorable dates, significant events in history and the present, or dedicated to topical issues of culture, environmental protection, and other similar topics. The drawings of their reverses are often complex in composition, multifaceted; the inscriptions indicate the subject to which the issuance of the coins is dedicated.

Recently, the mints of a number of countries have been mastering a new minting technology called reverse frosted, in which a silky matte field is formed on the surface of the coin, and individual details of the relief pattern are made using the "proof" technique.

Coins of ordinary quality are products of traditional highly automated minting production: course and small change coins (circulating at face value as real means of payment), as well as coins made of precious metals for investment purposes, the circulation of which can reach several million pieces. There are no mirror surfaces on the coins of this type, the fields, drawings and inscriptions have the same surface texture, the reliefs do not contrast with the fields. The drawings on the reverses of such coins are often simple, one-dimensional.

Coins of improved quality differ from coins of ordinary quality mainly in that they do not have small scratches visible without the use of special technical means, which is achieved through the use of automatic machines and equipment equipped with devices that prevent the finished coins from coming into contact and, thereby, eliminating the possibility of formation there are scratches on their surface...

In the history of coins, which has more than 2700 years, the following types of abuse are known.

Coin counterfeiting in the narrow sense of the term is the illegal manufacture of coins or the alteration of genuine coins in order to sell them as rare numismatic specimens. Forged, as a rule, old, rare samples of coins with a high numismatic value. At the same time, the attackers either completely make an imitation of a numismatic rarity, or “remake” a coin that is similar in appearance, but usually inexpensive, changing certain design details in it in order to pass it off as a rare, more expensive one. There are known methods of counterfeiting rare coins, such as the use of old chased tools (stamps), which were subject to certain changes, the connection of the obverse and reverse sides of two different genuine coins, sawing off the design details of an ordinary coin and soldering new details characteristic of a rare coin, changing the appearance authentic coins by engraving, making imitation of coin rarities by electroforming, etc. Since there are no rare numismatic specimens among the coin issues of the USSR and the Russian Federation, this problem is not relevant for this memo.

Illegal reduction in the mass of a coin in order to appropriate the precious metal takes place in cases where an attacker steals a small amount of metal by scraping it from certain sections of the coin, sawing off the edge, edging, evenly erasing the entire surface of the coin and other mechanical influences. After such "treatment" the coin is returned to circulation as a full-fledged one.

Illegal reduction in the weight of the coin was common during the period of circulation of a large number of valuable coins made of precious metals (for example, during the era of the gold standard, when the denominations of coins corresponded to their market "metal" value). For quite a long century of their lives, gold and silver coins, acting as means of payment, constantly passing from hand to hand, from one purse to another, were subject to natural wear and tear: they acquired traces of scuffs, scratches, dents from falling on hard surfaces or checking "on tooth", etc. These natural defects of the coins, as well as the features of the reliefs applied to them, were used by attackers to mask scrapings, sawing, biting and other mechanical influences used to separate metal particles from the coin.

Although modern coins made of precious metals do not participate in the payment turnover and practically do not wear out, the possibility of coins with a reduced amount of metal appearing on the domestic market cannot be completely ruled out.

Counterfeiting is the illegal production of coins and their introduction into circulation under the guise of genuine ones to generate income.

To identify coins made of precious metals of the ordinary assortment, which are discussed in this memo, as well as to identify counterfeits among them, it is quite enough to know the basic properties of metals, technical parameters and design features of genuine coins, as well as be able to use simple, affordable and inexpensive tools. Of course, some experience of practical work with coins is required.

This technique is based on the principle of comparing the design details of the coin under study and its technical parameters with genuine samples and the requirements of industry standards (technical specifications) for coins in force in the Russian Federation.

It is necessary to be aware that a modern coin made of precious metal is a product of rather high complexity.

Firstly, it is a work of art, a sculpture of a small form, it often depicts portraits, figures of people, animals, and various objects with a high degree of resemblance to the originals.

Secondly, highly specialized, strictly standardized minting production ensures high-quality design of coin surfaces in compliance with strictly specified technical and geometric parameters, their uniformity for the entire circulation.

The combination of these features creates significant difficulties for counterfeiters, since accurate reproduction of complex relief patterns of genuine coins and ensuring an acceptable level of quality in the technical processing of counterfeits, even using factory equipment (not minted), not to mention artisanal conditions, is associated with great problems.

Using the technologies available to counterfeiters (casting, electroforming, etc.) it is impossible to solve these problems, since none of these methods allows you to fully reproduce the technological specifics of minted production.

One of the most important problems for a counterfeiter is the choice of raw materials.

Let's compare the main properties of chemically pure metals and a number of alloys that can be used to make counterfeit coins.

The table below shows that the more valuable noble metal - gold - is most reliably protected from counterfeiting by nature itself: in appearance and color, only copper alloys are similar to gold, but they have half the density. Consequently, similar in appearance (color, luster) and identical in weight coins made of gold and, for example, bronze will differ sharply in geometric dimensions (volume). And vice versa, when reproducing the geometric volumes of a genuine gold coin, a bronze counterfeit will be almost twice as light as the original. In addition, the surface of a product made of any copper alloy retains a "golden" sheen for a very short time.

A number of white non-ferrous metals are closer in density to silver - also a white metal, however, most of them give out oxides - dull grayish films that cover them in air. Tin and lead, in addition, markedly differ from silver in their higher ductility.

In addition, being a member of the group of white metals, silver differs from them not only in its resistance to atmospheric oxygen, but also in its characteristic “silver” hue, which differs from the shades of non-ferrous metals in this group: cold, dull, gray, bluish-gray, etc. .

For a person who knows these features and has certain practical skills, it is not very difficult to distinguish non-ferrous metals from precious ones in appearance and density.

The totality of the requirements of the current standards for the technical parameters of coins made of precious metals and the peculiarities of their decoration represent a completely sufficient arsenal both for reliable protection of these coins from falsification and for determining their authenticity.

In this regard, knowledge of the following requirements of industry standards, which are strictly observed when minting coins at mints, is very useful.

1. The edging of the coin must protrude above the relief pattern and the inscription on the obverse and reverse. Thus, being on a flat surface, the coin rests only on the edge, without swinging.

2. The images of the obverse and reverse are oriented in the same direction along the vertical axis of the coin, like the pages of a book relative to the spine. The displacement of the image axes of the obverse and reverse relative to each other is allowed by no more than 1 mm along the edge.

3. The edging of the coin must be whole, continuous, uniform in width.

4. Visible displacements of the edge, solid and dotted circles and circular inscriptions of the coin relative to the center of its disk are not allowed.

5. For each type of coin, standard values ​​​​of the ligature mass in grams, diameter and thickness (according to the edge) in millimeters, as well as the limits of permissible deviations (tolerances) are established. These data are contained in the annual catalogs of the Bank of Russia "Commemorative Coins of Russia", as well as in the information letters of the Department of Cash Circulation of the Bank of Russia, sent to distributors. The diameter and thickness of the coin must be the same in all parts of the disc of the coin.

6. The color of the coin must be even and uniform over its entire surface. Over time, under the influence of the natural environment, a patina is formed on silver coins - a film of various shades. The patina does not damage the metal of the coins, but rather protects it from further oxidation.

The coin of "proof" and "proof-like" quality has a smooth, mirror surface of the field and a matte relief of drawings and inscriptions. The following single deviations are allowed, which are visible to the naked eye and do not impair the appearance of the coins:

▪ risks (thin, web-like lines formed by a light mechanical smoothing effect on the surface of the coin, without clearly visible signs of its destruction), located directly at the edge, or near the inscription, or at the borders of the relief design, as well as on the edge and engraving in the case of the side being made coins with a matte field;

▪ small dusty dots of light colors: light gray, bluish, white, as well as small dusty shiny dots;

▪ faint reflections on the matte surface on one of the elements of the relief design, on the edging, or on the field of the coin if it is matted;

▪ insignificant difference in shade of the matted design (or field in the case of matting) on ​​different coins of the same denomination;

▪ weak halo of a matte field and slight tarnish of the mirror field of the coin.

7. The edge of a coin made of precious metal is most often formed by the corrugation method: narrow rectilinear protrusions are formed on the surface of the edge during minting, located perpendicular to the plane of the coin disk.

The height, width of the corrugations, as well as the distances between them are the same for each type of coin.

The official description of each type of coin indicates the exact number of corrugations of the edge and the features of their location.

Minor bevels of the sharp edges of the edging, small burrs on it and light short scratches on the margins of the obverse and reverse are allowed on coins of ordinary quality. Bevels and burrs of edges of the edging of coins made as "proof" and "proof-like" are also allowed. Therefore, by measuring the thickness of a coin with a caliper, you can get a value that exceeds the maximum allowable according to specifications. To avoid such distortions, the thickness of the coin should be measured with a micrometer in the area of ​​the inner edge of the edge.

An equally important means of protecting a coin is the combination of elements of the decoration of its obverse and reverse, their location and clarity of elaboration. The more complex the drawings on the coin, the more small details on it, the more difficult it is for the counterfeiter to reproduce them close to the original. It is small details, such as dots, risks, curls of ornaments, elements of letters, numbers, etc., their location relative to other parts of the pattern, that play an important role in recognizing counterfeit or counterfeit coins.

It is appropriate to note that the modern "proof" minting technology, for which special machine tools and equipment are used, is in itself an insurmountable barrier for counterfeiters: in the entire history of the application of this technology (it appeared in the form described above about 20 years ago), not one country of the world, not a single fact of the appearance of a counterfeit proof coin was noted.

Therefore, when working with coins of this kind, the main attention should be paid to the state of the surface, the features of the decoration and the physical condition, that is, the presence of possible mechanical damage. The high quality of processing of all surfaces of the "proof" coin makes it easy to detect any, including the smallest, traces of instrumental impact on the coin. (Even the touch of a fingertip to the mirror field of such a coin leaves a greasy mark on it that is difficult to remove).

Thus, the problem of illegal reduction in the weight of the coin and falsification of coins is more related to coins of ordinary minting quality.

It can be:

▪ reducing the height of the edge around the entire circumference or in certain areas by erasing it with an abrasive tool;

▪ notching and biting individual sections of the edge;

▪ cutting the edge along the entire plane or in separate areas;

▪ drilling the coin alloy on the edge or on one of the planes of the coin, followed by sealing (pressing, soldering) the holes with another metal similar in color to the coin alloy;

▪ scraping coin metal with a flat tool from the surfaces of the coin;

▪ production of coins from base metals or from low-grade alloys of precious metals coated with a layer of high-grade precious metal;

▪ making the entire coin from a precious metal alloy of a lower standard than the original;

▪ production of a coin from a non-ferrous metal similar in color to the original precious metal.

Any deviations from the requirements of the standards, changes in the design details of coins, traces of mechanical impact on them, signs of falsification are easily detected by carefully examining the surfaces of the coin under study through a magnifying glass with two to four times magnification, measuring its diameter and thickness with a caliper, micrometer (or other similar instrument) and its weighing on general-purpose scales of I-II accuracy classes according to GOST 24104-88E with the corresponding maximum weighing weight.

To facilitate this work, it is recommended to inspect a dubious coin, comparing it with a reference sample of a genuine coin.

Files, scrapes, polished places of pressing (soldering) of foreign metals stand out against the background of even, untouched areas of the surface of the coin by the nature of the luster, the angle of light reflection, and clearly visible boundaries between the treated and untouched surface.

Foreign metal differs from the color of the main coin alloy in color.

Saws of the corrugations of the edge (along the whole circle or in separate sections) reduce their height and increase their width, reduce the diameter and weight of the coin. The corrugations applied to the edge of a counterfeit coin with a cutting tool differ sharply from those obtained during minting: they are not high, not the same in size, and can be separated by characteristic cut grooves.

Forgeries made by casting are distinguished by blurred, blurred outlines of patterns, and sometimes by an oily surface of the field.

Erasing, sawing off the edge along the entire circumference is often accompanied by damage to the highest points of the relief of coin patterns and the formation of clearly visible flat edges in these places.

Scrapings give themselves away by the angles of reflection of light and the subtle risks left by the tool.

Thus, if the technical parameters of the studied coin made of precious metal (mass, diameter, thickness) are within the limits allowed by the standards, there are no traces of mechanical influences on its surface, and there are no deviations from the reference sample in the details of its design, there is no reason to doubt its authenticity. .

Authors: Shevchuk D.A., Shevchuk V.A.

<< Back: Metal bills

>> Forward: Electronic money and payments

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Concepts of modern natural science. Lecture notes

▪ Roman law. Crib

▪ Infectious diseases. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive Molecule for collecting and storing solar energy 10.09.2020 Swedish researchers at Linköping University have created a molecule that can be used to efficiently collect and store solar energy. A molecule created as a result of supercomputer simulation can exist in two different forms. The "parent" form absorbs solar energy, and the "modified" form is a more energy-intensive version of the "parent", and, at the same time, is more stable. Thanks to this "two-faced" solar energy can be stored more efficiently. The development of Swedish scientists belongs to a group of molecules that are commonly called "molecular photoswitches". Such molecules can always exist in two different forms (isomers), which differ in chemical structure. The structure of photoswitches is affected by the energy of light - that is, the properties of the molecule can be changed by exposure to solar energy. The properties of the molecule were first studied using computer simulations, and then scientists were able to confirm them in experimental studies. Now the authors of the project are working on ways to extract the energy stored in molecular photoswitches. The project opens up great prospects in molecular electronics and photopharmacology.

Other interesting news:

▪ The smell of disease passes from the sick to the healthy

▪ Unlock your gadget with your ear

▪ House powered by algae

▪ Single Protein Deactivation Treats Heart Failure

▪ Self-driving Volvo cars on Swedish roads

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Audio Art. Article selection

▪ article Attempt on mirages. Popular expression

▪ article Where did the hats come from? Detailed answer

▪ article Physostigma poisonous. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Receiving Antenna Amplifier. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Lathe for woodworking. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024