Organization of the protection of personnel of formations. Special processing. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Organization of the protection of personnel of formations. Special processing. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Massive destruction, fires, blockages at facilities, damage to utilities and energy networks, contamination of any kind make it necessary for rescuers to strictly comply with safety measures and observe radiation protection regimes when performing AS&DNR. Particular attention must be paid to the implementation of the safety measures set out in the operating instructions for the equipment used.

All work on the territory contaminated with radioactive substances must be carried out using PPE.

In the focus of the lesion, people, objects, terrain, food may be contaminated. To prevent injury to people, it is necessary to carry out special processing, which is an integral part of the liquidation of the consequences of emergencies. Special processing can be partial or complete.

Partial special processing includes partial sanitization of people, partial decontamination, degassing or disinfection of PPE and equipment without stopping the performance of tasks and without involving special units, i.e. on their own.

Complete special processing includes complete sanitization of people, decontamination, degassing or disinfection of equipment, property, clothing, footwear, buildings. The implementation of the special treatment should allow people to operate without protective equipment.

Disinfection of vehicles and equipment is carried out at equipment decontamination stations deployed on the basis of car repair enterprises, as well as at special washing sites deployed in the field using mobile vehicles. If formations operate jointly with civil defense units, then their special processing is carried out at PuSO. Such points are deployed by special units using appropriate technical means. When deploying PuSO, degassing-shower cars are used. To drain polluted water, drainage channels leading to a catchment tank (well) are torn off.

People who arrived in the waiting area for sanitization, through the control and distribution point (CDP), after measuring the infection by a dosimetrist, handing over documents and valuables, go to the dressing room, then to the washing room. When leaving the washing department after the auxiliary room, people are again subjected to dosimetric control and, if there are places of increased contamination, they are re-treated or sheared. With an acceptable level of infection, they dress, receive documents and valuables. If necessary, you can get additional clothes and undergo an examination by a doctor.

Fully equipped people depart to the collection area. The used water flows through the outlet channels into special containers in order to prevent pollution of the area and water bodies.

Deactivation - removal of RS from contaminated surfaces and from water - is carried out if the degree of contamination of the surface exceeds the MPC.

Decontamination (partial or complete) is carried out in the following ways:

1) mechanical (removal of RV by sweeping, shaking, blowing off, removing a layer of soil or applying a layer of uncontaminated soil);

2) physical (removal of RV with a stream of water, wiping with a solvent, filtering the contaminated liquid or distilling it);

3) physical and chemical (removal of RVs that are most strongly associated with the contaminated surface, washing with solvent liquids, and sometimes even removing the top layer (painting), processing with a gas-liquid or vapor-emulsion jet, washing, water purification by special ion-exchange filtration).

Radioactive dust is effectively removed with special solutions based on powders SF-2, SF-2U, preparations OP-7, OP-10, acids and alkalis (Tables 2, 3). The contaminated area is watered with a fixing composition (latex, oil sludge), as a result of which a film is formed with RV fixed on it, which is easy to remove with a bulldozer (grader) to an uncontaminated layer (about 10 cm deep). The soil collected in this way is temporarily stored in containers, and then at the landfill.

It is advisable to decontaminate the internal and external surfaces of buildings without the use of large amounts of water.

For very severe infections, radio-controlled robots are used.

Table 2. Main characteristics of decontaminating agents and consumption of materials during decontamination

Notes:

1) composition OP-7, OP-10 - thick viscous liquid or brown paste, soluble in warm water;

2) sodium hexametaphosphate - a solid vitreous mass or separate colorless pieces, moderately soluble in water;

3) in the absence of compounds, soap, soda, washing powders are used.

Table 3. Consumption of materials and time spent during decontamination

Organization of the protection of personnel of formations. Special processing

Degassing - this is the decomposition of organic matter into non-toxic products and their removal from surfaces. Produced with the help of special technical means (anti-chemical packages, devices, kits, watering machines), water, solvents, detergents.

Perform partial and complete degassing. The contaminated surface is treated with a degassing solution No. 1 or No. 2 (depending on the type of agent). In the absence of these solutions, solvents or detergents (washing powders) are used, but they do not disinfect, but only wash off the OM. More often, chemical (watering, scattering) or mechanical (cutting off the infected layer) methods are used.

Disinfection - This is the destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases. There are preventive, current and final disinfection.

Preventive disinfection carried out constantly with the use of detergents and cleaning agents. With an increase in the number of diseases, current disinfection - sanitary and hygienic measures are being taken, decontamination of hazardous objects and secretions (faeces, urine, sputum). Final disinfection in the focus is carried out after hospitalization (or death) of the last contagious patient by a special team.

Disinfection is carried out by chemical, physical, mechanical or combined methods. Estimated consumption rates for degassing (disinfecting) compounds are shown in Table 4.

Disinfection of the territory, structures, equipment, machinery and various items can be carried out using fire fighting, agricultural, construction and other equipment, small objects are disinfected using manual equipment. For disinfection, solutions of bleach and chloramine, lysol, formalin, etc. are used. In the absence of these substances, hot water (with soap or soda) and steam can be used to disinfect premises, equipment, and technology.

Table 4. Consumption of degassing (disinfecting) substances

Organization of the protection of personnel of formations. Special processing

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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