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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Characteristics of the Human - Social Environment system in the general context of life safety. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Human activity as an object and subject of security is carried out in inseparable interaction with the environment, forming a complex system "man - environment". One of its goals is to ensure human security. Consider a narrower system "man - social environment". To ensure its safety, it is necessary to take into account the features of each element of the system. The first element is human, which plays a threefold role: 1) is an object of protection; 2) acts as a means of ensuring security; 3) itself can be a source of danger. The second element of the system is society, or society, - a social organism that develops according to its own specific laws. In society, a huge number of people interact with different ideas about the world around them. As a result, a special environment is created in certain social groups, which can influence other people who are not members of them. So, for example, specialists in various fields are involved in ensuring security: politicians, military personnel, rescue workers, scientists, designers, etc. While ensuring security, these groups at the same time can generate dangers by their possible mistakes made in decision-making. In order for the "man - social environment" system to function effectively and not threaten human security, it is necessary to ensure the compatibility of each of its characteristics: energy, information, social, moral, psychological, etc. Energy Compatibility provides for the coordination of the activities of the governing bodies of society as a social system with optimal human capabilities in relation to the efforts made, the speed of reaction and the accuracy of actions. The energy parameters of a person have certain boundaries. To put into action certain elements of the social system, sometimes very large or, on the contrary, extremely small efforts are required. Both are bad. In the first case, a person may get tired, resulting in possible failures in the controlled system. In the second, the accuracy of the system may decrease, since a person will not feel its resistance. Information compatibility is of particular importance in security. In complex systems, a person usually does not directly control social processes. Often, due to the remoteness over considerable distances, control objects may be outside the sphere of its perception. But a person uses electronic and mass media, communicates with other people and receives information that helps him manage the most complex social processes. To ensure information compatibility, it is necessary to know the peculiarities of the perception of information flows by a person and society as a whole. social compatibility most directly related to the psychological characteristics of a person. Therefore, they often talk about socio-psychological compatibility, which is especially pronounced in extreme situations in isolated groups. Knowledge of these features allows a better understanding of similar phenomena that may arise in ordinary situations in various social groups. Moral Compatibility means that a person experiences satisfaction from communicating with other people, the moral climate in the team, the process of labor activity, etc. Psychological compatibility related to the mental characteristics of a person. Security problems in the social sphere today cannot be solved only by organizational and technical measures. Experience shows that social dangers are also based on psychological reasons: a low level of professional training of people involved in ensuring security, insufficient education, a weak mindset for observing security measures, admission to hazardous activities of persons from risk groups, people being in a state of fatigue or other mental states that reduce the level of safety of their activities, aggressiveness, etc. At present, a special field of knowledge has already been formed, called the psychology of activity, which is one of the sections of life safety. Mental processes, personality traits are studied, and in particular detail - various forms of mental states that are observed in people in the process of performing various types of activities. Thus, a person is directly or indirectly included in a diverse, complexly organized system of social relations, performing an active creative, passive contemplative or even destructive role in them. His life activity is connected with various spheres of public life - economic, social, political, military, cultural, informational, etc. Each of them manifests itself in the activity of people in its own way, depending on its scale, the location of the person and the conditions of its functioning. Human activity, in turn, also influences in a certain way on one or another sphere of public life. This is what causes global problems. One of the main threats to humans is overpopulation,associated with a population explosion in underdeveloped countries and an increase in life expectancy in developed countries. If at the end of the XIX century. the number of inhabitants of the Earth was approximately 1 billion people, then only in one XX century. it increased by a factor of 2000 and by 2050 reached about 12 billion people, by 1950 this number could increase to 50 billion. 1980s - 84 million, and in the 1990s - 96 million people. The population explosion increases the danger to the Earth's biosphere. If in the pre-industrial era the total anthropogenic share of consumption of biosphere products did not exceed 1%, today it is an order of magnitude higher. Deforestation, desertification of land, pollution of soil, water, air, etc. are carried out at an accelerated pace. Famine and environmental disasters can become the most terrible consequences of this essentially irreversible process. Another serious danger to mankind is caused by energy problem. The lack of energy is already felt today, and the satisfaction of the ever-increasing need for it is fraught with the fact that, firstly, the management of powerful energy flows becomes dangerous, and secondly, non-renewable natural resources are depleted. According to experts, oil and gas deposits at the current rate of their consumption will last only 50-70 years, and coal - for about 300 years. All these problems exacerbate interstate relations and relations between different regions of the world, contribute to the growth of international terrorism, the emergence of military conflicts, and create the threat of a nuclear missile war. Today, the dangers in information sphere, which are manifested in the desire of a number of countries to dominate the global information space, as well as in the development of the concept of information wars. Thus, the United States is developing the TeLe-desik space system, consisting of 840 satellites, which, by transmitting targeted information and modulated radiation to the entire planet and its individual regions, are capable of carrying out information aggression: the introduction of viruses into computer programs, the disabling of various control systems, computer networks, etc., as well as influence the psycho-physiological and emotional state of people. For the same purpose, the world information system Internet can be used. It should also be noted that global social dangers,capable of destroying individual countries and the world community as a whole. The sources of these dangers are the imperfection of the global social structure (various civilizations, socio-political systems, social position, development rates, geographical location, levels of military power, development, life, racial and national composition of the population, etc.), the relations corresponding to it, policies of individual countries and influential international organizations. The highest interests of the world community, i.e. the interests of the survival of human civilization, dictate the need for research regional threats and opposition to them. The influence of regional dangers is manifested in various spheres, but mainly political, economic and military. All these problems are closely interrelated and pose a serious danger to humanity, so they need to be addressed comprehensively and within the framework of the entire world community. plays an important role in human security state, whose activities are associated with the emergence of dangers and threats that disrupt the normal life of a person and society. The Law of the Russian Federation "0 security" emphasizes that object of state security its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity stand out. Hence, security risk states can be formulated as the possibility of such a development of events that will create (or creates) a danger to the existence of the state, its political and economic independence. In other words, the state and its subjects (legislative, executive and judicial authorities, public and other organizations, citizens) are obliged to protect the constitutional order, sovereignty, territorial integrity of the country, population, national interests (political, economic, military, cultural, informational, environmental, geopolitical, etc.). Consider main types of state security. Each state is primarily interested in having a stable domestic political situation, in the creation of an intrastate climate conducive to the normal development of all spheres of activity of society and the individual. It is also important military security of the state (armed forces, their condition and training, defense potential, protection of state borders, containment of potential aggressors, etc.). Economic security depends on the level of development of productive forces and economic relations aimed at meeting the needs of the individual, society and the state, the availability of energy resources, developed infrastructure, skilled labor, the degree of integration into the international system of economic relations. Cultural security is to ensure the protection of cultural heritage, historical traditions and norms of public life, the preservation of cultural heritage and the identity of society. Information Security - it is the security of the information environment, its formation and development in the interests of the individual, society and the state. Under environmental safety is understood as such a state of the relationship between society and nature, which ensures the preservation of the environment. A huge role in modern conditions is played by geopolitical security, i.e., the protection of the geopolitical interests of the state. There are other types of state security (demographic, cultural, regional, intrastate, etc.), the provision of which is the most important task of its subjects. The totality of historically established forms of joint activity of people, certain forms of social relations is society.In a narrow sense, society is a historically specific type of social system. It cannot exist without the production of material goods, means of subsistence and spiritual values necessary for the life of people. Therefore, it is no coincidence an object of public safety,according to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Security", are its material and spiritual values. In this regard, to dangers and threats to society include: encroachments on its economic (basic) foundations, on the social status of citizens; suppression of freedom, rights; social conflicts; neglect of public opinion by the authorities; suppression or destruction of the opposition; planting the ideology of individualism; terrorism, organized crime, corruption, etc. Security subjects society, as well as the state, are the bodies of various branches of government, public and other organizations, citizens. Human security in a broad sense, this is the state of his complete physical, social and spiritual well-being, which is determined by internal (heredity, physical and mental health) and external (surrounding natural, anthropogenic, technogenic, social environment) factors. A special place in human security is occupied by social factors, such as the level of well-being, general culture, culture of service, living conditions, customs, mores, behavioral preferences, moral and emotional characteristics. The socio-political environment is also of great importance for its security. Therefore, defining personal security object, The Law of the Russian Federation "On Security" singled out her rights and freedoms. Based on this personal security threats act: deprivation of life, health, legal capacity; violence associated with the destruction of the prevailing and the imposition of an alien worldview; manipulation of consciousness and behavior; moral corruption and physical corruption; restriction or deprivation of universal human rights and freedoms; forcible submission to criminal goals and groups; using a person as a means of enrichment, etc. Personal security subjects - the state and its institutions (legislative, executive and judicial authorities, authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local self-government, state institutions, departments, etc.), public structures (political parties and associations, public organizations, etc.), family , citizens. All their actions must comply with existing laws and be based on a balance of interests of the individual, society and the state, as well as their mutual responsibility for ensuring security. One of the most important aspects of the problem under consideration is ensuring human security from criminal encroachments (deliberate murders, violence, attacks on the health and dignity of the individual, robberies and thefts of personal property, material values and documents, physical and psychological terror) associated with threats, intimidation, blackmail , extortion and other forms of influence on a person, including information and psychological (use of mass media) and psychophysiological (hypnosis, psychotropic and psychotronic drugs). In this regard, there is some interest conceptual model of personal security, proposed by V. I. Yarochkin (Fig. 2). It helps to understand the totality of the dangers that confront the individual in the "man - social environment" system. However, it must be remembered that in addition to the dangers that threaten a person from the social environment, he himself often contributes to the creation of adverse factors for their already difficult existence. These factors are primarily psychological in nature and manifest themselves in human behavior. They can be relatively stable and long in time and are caused by dissatisfaction with the social status and results of labor activity, indifference to the environment. Temporary situational factors arise due to personal inconsistencies in relationships between people, unfavorable situations in work activities, etc. Often their causes lie in unpreparedness for practical activities, a low level of social maturity, reduced performance, fatigue, etc. The action of such factors leads to conflicts , behavioral breakdowns, the emergence of a state of anxiety, fear, fright, panic, etc.
Social experience shows that a person violates the rules of safe behavior for a variety of reasons:
These reasons entail the emergence of dangers and threats. Preventive measures in the first case may include advertising (propaganda) of safety rules and educating people on their basis; in the second - training and practicing safe behavior skills; in the third - social control, professional selection, medical examination. So, the analysis of the "man - social environment" system shows that it is a complex interaction of a person with various components of his social environment. To ensure their mutual security, prevention of dangers and threats and the preparation of all elements of this system for actions in dangerous situations are required. Historical experience shows that protection from social dangers is the most important function of state and public structures. It consists primarily in preventive measures aimed at eliminating these dangers. In addition, appropriate training of a person is necessary, allowing him to act adequately in dangerous situations: psychological, informational, legal, power, etc. Moreover, in the learning process, it is necessary to master behavior patterns that take into account specific situations. ConclusionsLife safety as a scientific discipline studies the main patterns of manifestation of hazards and ways to protect a person and his communities from them in various living conditions. Including all components of the general science of security, this discipline is the scientific and methodological basis for special disciplines studying various aspects of security. Life safety has a social orientation, as it is associated with ensuring the protection of society from various dangers, including those emanating from itself. At the same time, it also has a proper social aspect associated with the dangers that have become widespread in society and threaten the life and health of people. These dangers require a deep and comprehensive study based on the methodological principles of scientific knowledge of security problems. Scientific analysis of the system "man - social environment" indicates a high degree of complexity of human interaction with various components of his social environment. Their mutual security is impossible without the prevention of dangers and threats, as well as the readiness of all components of this system to act in dangerous situations. The most significant role is played by the training of a person as an object and subject of security, allowing him to act adequately in dangerous situations. This training should have a different focus - informational, legal, psychological and power, and also include modeling the behavior of people in a specific dangerous situation.
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