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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Extreme situations in natural conditions. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life In an extreme situation in natural conditions, a person or a group of people are forced to lead an autonomous existence. Autonomous existence - this is the existence of one person or a group of people who, by chance, find themselves in a critical situation, one on one with nature. It may be related to the nature of the profession, which involves working in natural conditions, such as geologists, geophysicists, prospecting drillers, oil workers, hydrologists, etc. Currently, these specialists work on a rotational basis, i.е. by shifts in 15-30 days. The shift method is used to save financial resources - while it is not necessary to build expensive settlements with all the infrastructure. The autonomous existence of people of the above professions is voluntary, and they prepare for it in advance. A forced autonomous existence can be very difficult and very difficult, when one on one with nature happens to be by chance, usually in vehicle accidents, people who are not prepared for such moments of life. In both types of autonomous existence, the main task is to survive, for which it is necessary to suppress fear, provide mutual assistance (self-help), save property and equipment, prepare temporary shelter, analyze the situation (establish communication, navigate, develop a survival plan), get food and water, prepare signal means. An important condition for survival in conditions of autonomous existence is the actions of a person or a group of people to preserve life and health. The first action is building shelter. An awning, raincoat, snow pits and caves, a hut made of branches and other auxiliary means can serve as temporary shelter. A fire is made next to the shelter for cooking, heating, drying clothes. Bonfire types: node, star, hut, well, etc. Dry branches stacked in a heap in the form of a hut flare up best of all. Fire can be made with the help of bast, roots of dry trees and sticks or twine, but stone-to-stone strikes give a spark best of all (the stone must be a fragment of granite, since the stones of the Cretaceous deposits are soft, they do not give a spark). A spark can be obtained by striking steel on steel or hard stone on steel. When building a fire, it is necessary to take measures to prevent a fire, for this it must be planted on a prepared, cleaned site, away from trees (especially dry ones) and preferably in an elevated, open place. Under such conditions, the fire is easier to detect from flying aircraft, helicopters, and even from special-purpose satellites (included in the international rescue system in case of accidents on water and land). In order for the fire to be detected from the air, it is necessary to smoke the fire by throwing damp branches with leaves (or needles) or green grass into the blazing fire. It should also be taken into account that in good, clear and calm weather, the smoke from the fire rises in a column and in the presence of wind at a height (even weak), the smoke "falls down". If the weather is cloudy, with a slight wind, then the smoke from the fire will "lie down" immediately and spread above the ground. In the case of cloudy, calm weather, smoke will spread around the fire, creating very unpleasant moments for the person or people around the fire - it will "eat" the eyes, and they will water. Under such conditions, carbon monoxide poisoning and combustion products (components) can be obtained. When birch burns, for example, black smoke comes out, especially from large, thick branches, but birch gives a lot of heat, its firebrands smolder for a long time. This also applies to other hardwoods - oak, maple, larch, etc. Linden, aspen, spruce, pine burn quickly, give less heat, and firebrands burn out quickly. From linden, it is good to use bast (bast) - the bark of the lower layer. From linden (both dry and raw), the bark lags behind better than from other species, and it departs along the trunk, and across the birch (the so-called birch bark). Considering all of the above, the fire must be lit on an elevated place or on a slope, then the smoke from the fire will not "circle" around it, creating inconvenience for you in cloudy calm weather, but descending down the slope. To provide food, suppress hunger, young branches and leaves of trees (linden, hazel, etc.), shrubs, and plants (only non-poisonous) can be used as food. Poisonous plants include henbane, hemlock, wolfberry, wolf's bast, crow's eye, etc. Many berries have medicinal properties, like plants, you just need to know which ones. Poisonous berries and plants can cause severe poisoning. To quench your thirst (drink water), you can also use non-poisonous plants with succulent leaves and berries, as well as young tree branches. This is in the absence of reserves and natural sources of water - springs, springs, rivers, lakes, ponds, as well as precipitation (rain, snow, dew, hoarfrost, ice). The search for water can be carried out with the help of a vine, a bioframe, the presence of damp soil and lush, lush vegetation. Water disinfection is carried out using filters, silver, pantocide tablets (1-2 tablets per 1 liter of water, hold for 30 minutes), iodine (8-10 drops per 1 liter), by boiling. For food, you can use young edible mushrooms, after frying them over a fire or coals, shish kebab-type firebrands, stringing them on a raw branch. By the way, you can get hot vitamin tea from raw large branches. To do this, it is necessary to keep raw branches obliquely above the fire - the thick end of the branch is above the fire, and the thin end is above any container - a mug, cup or an ordinary plastic bag. From under the bark of a damp branch, water will stand out and flow down. For this purpose, softwood trees are better suited - linden, willow, willow and willow. Willow, willow and willow give the most water. If willow, willow and willow grow, this is the first sign of the close occurrence of groundwater. If, when looking for mushrooms, you come across poisonous mushrooms (fly agaric, chanterelles, honey agarics (false - both species), pale grebes), do not pluck them - they are eaten by forest animals (elk, deer eat fly agaric in small quantities (obviously, for the treatment of worms)) . If there are reservoirs at the accident site (river, lake), then you can organize fishing with the help of branches - a rod made of wood bast, and use a button, a pin, any shiny small object as a spinner. For hunting birds, you can make a trap from branches or bast - a cage with a slamming "door". natural dressing material (in case of injury in the event of a vehicle accident) are moss, dry grass, finely cut thin bast of linden, birch, willow, willow, willow, etc. If the nearest settlements, roads and rivers are far away, then you need to settle down thoroughly, and immediately after making a fire or several fires, lay out tree branches SOS sign, and if there is snow, then trample the SOS sign and mark it with branches. At night, several bonfires (smokeless and fire) are used, also arranged in the form of an SOS sign. In the presence of PSND signal cartridges, cartridges with bright orange smoke are used during the day, and at night - with bright crimson fire. If there is no clearing, then a bush is cut down (breaks out) in the form of an SOS sign. The size of the signs should be of the order of 6 × 1 m - 6 × 1,5 m; in the steps of an adult, this would be approximately 7 × 2 steps or 7 × 3 steps. The sign can be laid out from pieces of yellow or orange matter - they are clearly visible from afar. In the case of movement in the direction of a settlement or road (highway), you must be able to navigate the terrain. In the Northern Hemisphere, the direction to the north can be determined by standing at noon with your back to the sun (at noon - the sun is at its zenith). The shadow will indicate the direction to the north, the west will be on the left, the east on the right. Local noon can be determined using a vertical pole 0,5-1 m long by the smallest length of its shadow on the surface of the earth. It must be remembered that at 6-7 o'clock in the morning the sun is in the east, and at 7 o'clock in the evening in the west (depending on the time of year and the location of the sun will be somewhat different, for example, sunrise in summer is at 5 am, and sunset is at 8-9 pm). The direction to the south can be determined by a large accumulation (influx) of resin on the side of the coniferous tree trunk corresponding to the south. In ravines, snow melts faster on the southern slopes. The growth rings are wider on the stumps on the south side, the moss grows more on the north side of the tree. You can also determine the south and north by anthills, the sloping side of which is facing south. Mushrooms usually grow on the north side of the tree. After orienting yourself on the ground and determining your location, you should choose an exit route to a settlement or a highway. When moving and crossing frozen water bodies, you must be extremely careful, since the thickness of the ice in the lake (especially on the river) is uneven along the edges and in the middle places. On a lake, the ice may be thinner over springs that bounce out of the ground, and on a river, the ice may be thinner over a fast current. Passing through frozen reservoirs is allowed in winter with an ice thickness of 4-5 cm, in autumn and spring - not less than 10 cm. Transparent ice with a bluish or greenish tint is the most durable, white-matte with yellowness is less reliable, loose, porous is extremely dangerous. In order not to fall through the ice when moving and crossing, you should consider and do the following: 1) if the ice under you cracked or began to break, quickly return in a sliding step or crawl to the shore; 2) always go out on the ice with a stick in your hand and a screwdriver or knife in your pocket. These items help to get out of the hole or failure; 3) if you are carrying a load, then it is better to remove the load before going out onto the ice and fasten it on two large branches, the ends of which should be held in both hands, i.e. make a semblance of a sleigh; 4) a large group of people can walk on the ice only if the ice is 7-9 cm thick (this is the width of the palm of an adult), and each person from the group should walk at a distance of 5-6 m from each other; 5) you can not jump on the ice and stomp, checking its strength, especially in the area of fast flow or the key coming out of the ground; 6) it is very risky to cross a frozen pond on skis and with a load, it is better to fix the load on skis, and use sticks as a means of traction, fixing them on skis. If the ice breaks under your weight, you should: 1) get rid of heavy things that hinder the movement; 2) get out onto the ice in the place where the fall occurred (the ice may break when you fall when you slipped); 3) do not waste time on getting rid of clothes, since in the first minutes, until completely wet, it keeps a person on the surface; 4) to crawl onto the ice using the "screw-in" method, i.e. rolling from back to stomach 5) stick sharp objects (knife) into the ice, pulling up to them; 6) move away from the broken polynya by crawling in their own footsteps. If you have a compass (for example, on a watch), you can use it, but keep in mind that in each area there are certain corrections for magnetic declination (pilots have such data on flight maps); the same applies to the big compass. Therefore, compass readings must be clarified by the position of the sun and other landmarks. At night, you can navigate by the stars, for this you need to determine the position of large stars (Polar Star, Ursa Major, etc.). If you have to walk for several days, then at the accident site you must first orient yourself by the sun, mosses, anthills and spend the night on the spot, and start moving according to all certain signs early in the morning, at dawn. Taking into account the current state of vehicles of all types (airplanes, helicopters, cars, all-terrain vehicles), before using them, everything you need should be prepared in advance, and first of all, a first-aid kit in the minimum set, a knife (hunting or kitchen), etc. The main thing is not to lose self-control, faith in your strength, your mind and your luck in any, the most difficult situation. Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.
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