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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Collective and individual protection of the population. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Protection of the population and territories in social emergencies, i.e., those associated with armed conflicts, wars and other adverse events in public life, is a task of paramount national importance and the greatest complexity. The practice of a number of wars of the past, especially the Great Patriotic War, and modern local armed conflicts on the territory of the former USSR (Transnistria, Karabakh, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Tajikistan, etc.) and Russia (Chechnya) convincingly showed the complexity and tragedy of this kind of emergency . But be that as it may, they take place today, and the task of the RSChS and GO is to be fully prepared to solve problems related to the protection of the population and territories from such phenomena. The solution of these problems is achieved by carrying out a whole range of activities and is based on certain principles the main ones are as follows:
The most important principle of protecting the population is advance preparation, involving the following activities:
The main ways to protect the population in social emergencies are:
Public alert carried out in the event of a threat or occurrence of an emergency by federal or local bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations by transmitting voice information using urban networks of wired, radio, television broadcasting and local means. Before the transmission of voice information, an electric siren and various signaling devices are turned on, which means that a preliminary signal is given. "Attention everyone!". After this signal, within five minutes, there is information about the threat of emergency situations (radioactive, chemical contamination, flood, etc.), containing practical recommendations for the actions of the population. For example, when oair raid hazard the alert looks like this: "Attention everyone! This is the headquarters of the city's Civil Defense and Emergency Situations. Citizens! Air raid alert! Turn off gas, electricity, water. Take documents, food and water supplies, personal protective equipment. Warn your neighbors and, if necessary, provide assistance to the sick and the elderly. As soon as possible, take cover in protective facilities. Remain calm and order. Stay tuned for further developments." When the danger of an air raid is over, the population is also notified: "Attention everyone! This is the headquarters of the city's Civil Defense and Emergency Situations. Citizens! End the air raid! Everyone return to their places of residence or work. Provide assistance to the injured, the sick and the elderly. Be prepared for a possible repetition of the air raid." К notification of the population in the event of an emergency, the following requirements are imposed:
When an emergency threat is declared, the population must:
Effective protection of the population in emergencies is achieved by timely and competent use protective equipment, which are divided into individual (PPE), first aid (PMP) and collective (KSZ). personal protective equipment, in turn, are subdivided into means of protection of respiratory organs, skin and medical. According to the principle of operation, filtering and insulating PPE are distinguished. Filtering PPE: 1. Filtering gas masks for the adult population - GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7V; children's PDF-Sh (school), PDF-D (preschool), protective camera for children (for infants). These gas masks are designed for respiratory protection, eyes, face skin from exposure to radioactive (PB) and toxic substances (OB), bacteriological agents (BS), toxic potent substances (SDYAV) and other impurities in the air. 2. Respirators ShB-1 ("petal") of single action, R-2, R-3 are used for respiratory protection from radioactive and ground dust, bacterial aerosols. The P-3 respirator partially protects against OB. 3. Industrial gas masks and respirators (IPGs) are used for respiratory protection workers and employees of enterprises producing SDYAV (in the event of an emergency). 4. The simplest means of respiratory protection are cotton-gauze bandages made by the population itself. Isolating means of respiratory protection: 1. Insulating gas masks with chemically bound oxygen (IP-4, IP-b) and based on compressed oxygen (KIP-8). IP-4, IP-b are equipped with a regenerative cartridge, a breathing bag and a helmet-mask. These gas masks are designed to work in an atmosphere with a lack of oxygen, with high concentrations of SDYAV in the air and underwater at shallow depths. 2. At objects of increased danger (mines), portable breathing devices PDU-1, PKU-2 are used, designed for emergency rescue of a person. Skin protection products depending on the destination are divided into combined arms (light protective suit L-1, combined arms protective kit OZK, designed to protect against OB vapors and SDYAV) and special (Tk, Rz, Es, Yazh, Kk, Bm and others, designed to protect personnel, respectively, from high temperatures, radioactive contamination, electrostatic fields, toxic liquids, acid solutions, pathogenic microorganisms). To personal protective equipment relate:
Collective remedies (protective structures) are designed to protect the population from all damaging factors of emergencies. Depending on the protective properties, they are divided into shelters, anti-radiation shelters and simple shelters. Shelters and anti-radiation shelters (PRU) are usually built in advance by a special service according to special building codes and rules. In the absence of emergencies, they can be used for economic purposes as amenity premises, classrooms, warehouses, canteens, etc. However, in these cases, it should be possible to quickly transfer them to their intended use. Shelters - these are protective structures that protect people from high temperatures, harmful gases during fires, explosive, radioactive, potent poisonous and poisonous substances, shock waves, penetrating radiation and light radiation from a nuclear explosion and other damaging factors acting in an emergency. Basic requirements for shelters:
A typical shelter consists of the main premises - for sheltered people, a control center and a medical post (point), and auxiliary - for a filtering unit (FVU), a diesel power plant, a recovery unit, a food warehouse, and a bathroom. In addition, tambour locks and tambours are equipped there, and in some cases, if possible, an artesian well. The shelter must have at least two entrances located at opposite ends of the shelter. The built-in shelter must also have an emergency exit. Shelters operate in three modes:
Dosimetric devices, chemical reconnaissance devices, protective clothing, fire extinguishing equipment, emergency supply of tools, emergency lighting equipment, food and water supplies, and medical equipment are placed in the shelter premises. Anti-radiation shelters - protective structures that protect the population from the effects of radiation and radioactive dust in the event of radioactive contamination of the area. Compared to shelters, they are easier to equip and can be placed in any basement. Ground floors of buildings and structures with main walls and a small area of openings can be used under the PRU. In rural areas, cellars, vegetable stores and free silo pits can be adapted under the PRU. The PRU also provides for the main premises - for sheltered people, a medical post (point), and auxiliary ones - a ventilation chamber, a bathroom, a room for storing contaminated outerwear. Adaptation of premises for PRU includes strengthening of enclosing structures for protection against ionizing radiation and shock waves, their sealing, ventilation device, plumbing equipment, bathrooms, installation of bunk beds. The simplest shelters (open and covered slots, trenches, underpasses, etc.) protect people from flying debris, and also reduce exposure to radiation. They are built in case of an immediate threat or with the occurrence of an emergency by the forces of the population from improvised means and building materials. They build the simplest shelters outside the zones of possible blockages and flooding. You can not build them near explosive workshops and warehouses, tanks with toxic substances, near power lines and main pipelines. It is necessary to be in such shelters in personal protective equipment: in open ones - in protective clothing and gas masks, in blocked ones - in gas masks. You must have a two-day supply of food, toiletries, necessary personal items, documents and personal protective equipment with you. For the purpose of early withdrawal (export) of the population from the districts (zones) of emergency situations, evacuation. It is organized by the head of the civil emergency department of the facility, the headquarters and the chairman of the evacuation commission. The evacuation is carried out as soon as possible after notification of the population through the media. In the event of a threat of an emergency associated with contamination of the area, a preventive evacuation is carried out outside the predicted areas of contamination. Preventive evacuation is carried out on a territorial and production basis. In the event of an emergency, it may be emergency evacuation on a territorial basis, i.e. evacuation from places of residence or location of people. Depending on the scale of the emergency, evacuation is divided into localи local and in terms of evacuation activities - by overall (all people from the emergency area) and partial (women, children). With long-term radioactive contamination, a planned resettlement of people is carried out. You should prepare for evacuation: put in a bag personal protective equipment, a set of clothes and shoes for the season, a supply of food for two days, documents, money, a first aid kit with necessary medicines, indicate the address and name of the owner on the tag. When leaving the house, it is necessary to turn off the gas, water, lighting and follow to the place of landing in the transport. The command for the evacuation is given by the headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the city. Carrying out measures for engineering, fire-fighting, anti-radiation, anti-chemical and anti-bacteriological protection includes the organization and implementation of rescue and other urgent work, special treatment of the terrain, structures, technical equipment and sanitation of people. One of the main tasks GOChS systems - organizing and carrying out rescue and other urgent work in emergency zones in order to save people and provide medical assistance to the injured, localize the accident and eliminate damage, create conditions for restoration work at facilities affected by emergencies. Rescue work in the emergency zone include:
Other urgent work usually include:
Rescue and other urgent work is carried out continuously, day and night, in any weather until they are fully completed. For their organization and implementation in emergency zones, a grouping of forces and means (objective, territorial formations, military units of the civil defense) is created by the decision of the head of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations, special equipment and equipment are allocated. In case of a federal-scale emergency, an airmobile rescue team of the Russian Emergencies Ministry is included in the work. Along with this, an increase in the efficiency of rescue and other urgent work is facilitated by: forecasting, assessment of the situation, reconnaissance of the emergency zone, development of an algorithm for the behavior of rescuers, knowledge of the features of probable work areas, etc. Special processing terrain, structures, technical means (decontamination, degassing, disinfection, demercurization, etc.) and sanitization of people are also the most important measures to eliminate the consequences of emergencies. Deactivation is to remove radioactive substances from contaminated surfaces in order to exclude radioactive exposure of people. Depending on the type and nature of the surface, mechanical or physico-chemical methods are used. Mechanical methods of decontamination are used for various soils. These include: sweeping, cutting soil, plowing, falling asleep (covering); for concrete and wood - vacuuming, scraping. The most effective and frequently used physical and chemical methods are: water jet - for the walls of buildings, tanks; steam - for heat-resistant surfaces. Rusty and painted surfaces can be treated with waterjet (water + abrasive - boron carbide + sand). Equipment of complex configuration is decontaminated by rubbing alkali and acid solutions with brushes, followed by flushing with water. To prevent and prevent radioactive contamination of surfaces, a method is used for preliminary application of a polymer film of a surfactant and a complexing agent. The film hardens in 2-3 hours. Decontamination with this method is the removal of the film. Film former - polyvinyl alcohol with the addition of alkali. When using decontaminating films, dry decontamination is possible, when the film is removed mechanically with the help of air. Localizing films are also used, applied to the surface in order to fix and prevent secondary pollution. Here, expanded clay with salts of inorganic acids, oil slag are used as dust-suppressing films; sulfate-alcohol stillage with calcium chloride and seeds of perennial grasses; synthetic resins, compositions based on PVAidr. An effective and labor-intensive method of decontamination is surface treatment with a XNUMX% aqueous solution of a surfactant - a surfactant (sulfinol), a complexing agent (sodium hexametaphosphate), oxalic acid (anticorrosive) and active additives (bleach, etc.). The drug has the code SF-ZK. Degassing - this is the process of removing or neutralizing SDYAV and OB from the territory of objects, technical means in order to prevent people from being hit. To neutralize hazardous chemicals in the gaseous state (chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, phosgene), water curtains are installed on the path of the poisonous cloud. The removal of SDYAV and OB can be carried out mechanically (cutting off, backfilling the soil) and physically (surface treatment with a surfactant solution). Neutralization (destruction) of these substances is carried out chemically, and on clothing, equipment - physicochemical (boiling, steaming). The effectiveness of the neutralization of SDYAV and OB is estimated by the completeness of degassing. Disinfection is a process of destruction and removal of pathogens of infectious diseases in humans and animals in the external environment. It is carried out in various ways: physical (cleaning, flushing with water with surfactants), chemical (chlorine solution, formalin treatment, hydrogen peroxide, etc.), physicochemical (boiling, steam treatment) and biological (bactocumarin - a mixture of chemicals with microorganisms that cause disease in rodents). Both disinsection (destruction of insects) and deratization (preventive and extermination measures for the destruction of rodents that are carriers of infection) are associated with this process. Demercurization - removal of mercury and its compounds by mechanical or physico-chemical methods in order to exclude poisoning of people and animals.
Sanitation of people consists in mechanical cleaning and disinfection of clothing and footwear, as well as the skin of people affected by contamination with PB, SDYAV, OB and bacterial agents. To prevent infection with these substances, powdered preparations (talc, silica gel), ointments and pastes can be used. When clothing and skin are contaminated, it becomes necessary to sanitize the entire person, which can be partial or complete. Partial treatment for contamination with PB involves shaking clothes and wiping open areas of the body with water; for contamination with SDYAV, OB and bacterial agents, individual anti-chemical packages IPP-7, IPP-9, IPP-10 are used. Full sanitization is carried out at special deployable washing stations and sites (PUSO). These are the main methods of individual and collective protection of the population in emergency situations of social origin (wars, military conflicts, terrorist acts, etc.). Their knowledge and ability to apply if necessary is the most important condition for reducing damaging factors and surviving people in emergencies. ConclusionsProtection of the population and territories of the Russian Federation from emergency situations is carried out in accordance with the unified state policy for the prevention and elimination of emergencies. In this regard, in the Russian Federation, the RSChS and its component part of the civil defense were created, functioning according to the territorial production principle, therefore, the organization and implementation of all activities are carried out both by state authorities, governments at all levels and local governments, as well as ministries, departments, enterprises, institutions and organizations engaged in industrial and economic activities. At the same time, when creating the RSChS, another principle was laid down - full compliance with the requirements of both peacetime and wartime, i.e. ensuring the constant readiness of forces and means, governments at all levels, early detection and timely elimination of the consequences of emergencies in the most difficult situation . To directly ensure the safety of the population from emergencies, including those of a social nature, means of individual and collective protection are used, the organization of which is carried out by emergency commissions of all levels, by the forces and means of the RSChS and civil defense structures. Knowledge and ability to apply, if necessary, methods of individual and collective protection is the most important condition for reducing damaging factors and surviving people in emergency situations. Authors: Gubanov V.M., Mikhailov L.A., Solomin V.P.
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