Rules of behavior and actions of the population in the focus of nuclear destruction. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Rules of behavior and actions of the population in the focus of nuclear destruction. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Under the focus of a nuclear lesion is understood as a territory with settlements, industrial, agricultural and other facilities that has been directly affected by enemy nuclear weapons.

The behavior and actions of the population in the focus of nuclear destruction largely depend on where it was at the time of the nuclear explosion: in shelters (shelters) or outside them. Shelters (shelters) are an effective means of protection against all damaging factors of nuclear weapons and from the consequences caused by the use of these weapons. It is only necessary to carefully observe the rules for staying in them, strictly comply with the requirements of the commandants (senior) and other persons responsible for maintaining order in the protective structures. Personal protective equipment for respiratory organs while in shelters (shelters) must always be in readiness for immediate use.

Usually, the duration of people's stay in shelters (shelters) depends on the degree of radioactive contamination of the area where the protective structures are located. If the shelter (shelter) is located in the zone of contamination with a radiation level 1 hour after a nuclear explosion from 8 to 80 rad / h, then the time of stay of the sheltered people in it will be from several hours to one day; in the zone of infection with a radiation level of 80 to 240 rad/h, the presence of people in a protective structure increases to 3 days; in the zone of infection with a radiation level of 240 rad/h and above, this time will be 3 days or more.

After the expiration of the specified time from the shelters (shelters) you can go to the living quarters. Over the next 1-4 days (depending on the radiation levels in the contaminated zones), you can periodically go outside from such premises, but not more than 3-4 hours a day. In conditions of dry and windy weather, when dust formation is possible, personal respiratory protection equipment should be used when leaving the premises.

With the indicated periods of stay in shelters (shelters), it becomes clear the need, as mentioned earlier, to have food supplies (for at least 4 days), drinking water (at the rate of 3 liters per person per day), as well as essentials and medicines .

If, as a result of a nuclear explosion, the shelter (shelter) is damaged and further stay in it will be fraught with danger to those who are hiding, measures are taken to quickly leave it without waiting for the arrival of rescue teams. Respiratory protection should be put on immediately. At the direction of the commandant of the shelter (shelter leader), the shelterers leave the shelter (shelter) using the exits that turned out to be free. If the main exit is blocked, you must use the emergency or emergency exit.

In the event that it is impossible to use any exit from the protective structure, the hiders begin to clear one of the blocked exits or to make an exit in the place where the commandant of the shelter (senior shelter) indicates. It is generally not difficult to get out of a littered shelter; for this, it is enough to partially disassemble the ceiling and bring down the earthen sprinkling inside.

Being in the flooded protective structures, it is necessary to do everything to prevent the occurrence of panic, it should be remembered that rescue units are in a hurry to help.

In all cases, before leaving the shelter (shelter) to the contaminated area, it is necessary to put on personal protective equipment and clarify with the commandant (senior) of the protective structure the direction of the safest movement, as well as the location of medical units and washing points near the movement path.

When the population is outside shelters (shelters) during a nuclear explosion, for example, in open areas or on the street, the nearest natural shelters should be used for protection. If there are no such shelters, you need to turn your back to the explosion, lie face down on the ground, hide your hands under you. 15-20 seconds after the explosion, when the shock wave has passed, stand up and immediately put on a gas mask, respirator or some other respiratory protection, up to covering your mouth and nose with a handkerchief, scarf or dense material in order to prevent ingestion radioactive substances, the damaging effect of which can be significant and for a long time, since their release from the body is slow. Then shake off the dust that has settled on clothes and shoes, put on the available skin protection (use worn clothes and shoes as protective equipment) and leave the lesion or take cover in the nearest protective structure.

When leaving the lesion focus, it must be taken into account that as a result of nuclear explosions, buildings and utility networks were destroyed. At the same time, individual elements of buildings can collapse some time after the explosion, in particular, from concussions during the movement of heavy vehicles, therefore, it is necessary to approach buildings from the least dangerous side - in a place where there are no structural elements that threaten to fall. You need to move forward in the middle of the street, taking into account the possible quick retreat to a safe place. In order to avoid accidents, do not touch the electrical wires, as they may be energized, you need to be careful in places of possible gas contamination.

Along the way from the lesion, people may come across, littered with fragments of structures, injured. It is necessary to provide them with all possible assistance. When dismantling the wreckage, you need to free the victim, first of all, the head and chest. Rendering assistance implies the presence of skills and knowledge of certain techniques in stopping bleeding, creating immobility (immobilization) in case of bone fractures, extinguishing fired clothing on a person, in protecting a wound or burn surface from subsequent contamination.

In populated areas, fires caused by light radiation from a nuclear explosion, secondary factors after explosions, and also as a result of the use of incendiary substances by the enemy will pose a great danger to people. You need to be able to fight fires, to act correctly when extinguishing them, so as not to get defeated.

Radioactive contamination of the area, the surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances (RS) from the cloud of a nuclear explosion.

Sources of radioactive contamination (RP) during a nuclear explosion are fission products of nuclear explosives (uranium-233, uranium-239, uranium-238), radioactive isotopes formed in soil and other materials under the influence of neutrons - induced activity, undivided part of the nuclear charge.

The significance of RP as a damaging factor is determined by the fact that high levels of radiation can be observed not only in the area of the explosion, but also at a distance of tens and even hundreds of kilometers from it. Unlike other damaging factors, the effect of which is short-term, the RP of the area can be dangerous for several days and even weeks after the explosion.

The strongest RP of the area occurs during unearthly nuclear explosions, when the areas of contamination with dangerous levels of radiation are many times greater than the size of the zones affected by the shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation.

Radioactive substances in the cloud of a nuclear explosion move in the direction of the wind and gradually settle on the surface of the earth or water.

According to the degree of danger, the contaminated area along the trail of the explosion cloud is usually divided into four zones

1. Zone A - moderate infection. Radiation doses until the complete decay of RV on the outer boundary of the zone - 40 rad, on the inner - 400 rad. Its area is 70-80% of the area of the entire footprint.

2. Zone B - severe infection. Radiation doses at the borders - 400 and 1,2 thousand rad. This zone accounts for approximately 10% of the area of the radioactive trace.

3. Zone B - dangerous infection. Radiation doses at the borders - 1,2-4 thousand rad. It occupies about 8% of the total area.

4. Zone G - extremely dangerous infection. The dose at the outer border is 4 thousand rad, and in the middle of the zone - about 7 thousand rad.

Dose rate (radiation level) at the outer boundaries of these zones after 10 hours - 0,5; 5; 15 and 50 rad/h, respectively. Over time, the dose rate on the ground decreases by approximately 10 times in time intervals that are multiples of 7. For example, after 7 hours after the explosion, the dose rate will decrease by 10 times, after 49 hours - by 100 times, and after 343 hours - by 1 thousand times .

The decline in dose rates during nuclear explosions is relatively fast, since the fission products of nuclear explosives are short-lived isotopes with short half-lives.

Radioactive contamination (contamination) of the area also occurs during accidents at facilities with nuclear power plants.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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