The impact of tobacco smoke on human health. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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The impact of tobacco smoke on human health. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

В tobacco smoke contains about 400 components, 40 of which have a carcinogenic effect, i.e., the ability to cause cancer.

Of these, nicotine is the most famous - one of the most toxic chemicals from the group of alkaloids. The nicotine contained in tobacco refers to poisons that first cause addiction, and then a painful craving - substance abuse. A single dose of 0,08-0,16 g of nicotine is fatal to humans. During a lifetime, an adult smokes an average of 200 cigarettes, which contain 800 g of nicotine, equal to 10 lethal doses. Since nicotine enters the body gradually and in fractional doses, acute poisoning is not observed in a habitual smoker. First of all, the nervous system suffers from this poison - the central and autonomic.

Nicotine, by narrowing the vessels of the brain and reducing their elasticity, makes it difficult for blood to enter the brain, as a result, its nutrition worsens and, as a result, headaches, dizziness, and a feeling of heaviness in the head.

Tobacco smoke contains harmful substances: carbon monoxide, pyridine bases, hydrocyanic acid, arsenic, styrene, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen, essential oils.

Inhalation of smoke containing tobacco combustion products reduces the oxygen content in the blood (hemoglobin loses the ability to attach oxygen), causes irritation of the bronchial mucosa, which subsequently leads to chronic bronchitis and changes in the structure of the lung tissue. Lung function weakens, the process of exchanging carbon dioxide for oxygen becomes more difficult.

Ammonia irritates the mucous membrane of the mouth, the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx, trachea and bronchi, so smokers have loose gums. Ulcers of the oral cavity, the pharynx often becomes inflamed, which leads to the frequent occurrence of tonsillitis. With prolonged constant smoking, the glottis narrows, hoarseness of the voice appears, its timbre decreases, and sonority is lost.

Another harmful substance is formed during smoking - tobacco tar, a tarry dark coating that settles in the smoker's lungs. A person who smokes a pack of cigarettes daily absorbs 700-800 g of tar per year.

The resinous substances of the tar are carcinogens and contribute to lung cancer. Especially dangerous are the benzopropylene and radioactive isotopes contained in the tar: polonium-210, lead-210, bismuth-210, and polonium-210, getting into the body with tobacco smoke, accumulates in the bronchi and lungs, causing lung cancer. Accumulating also in the liver and kidneys, radioactive isotopes have a toxic effect.

When tobacco is burned, carbon monoxide is released, which has the ability to bind the respiratory pigment of the blood - hemoglobin. In this case, carboxyhemoglobin is formed, which cannot carry oxygen, which leads to disruption of tissue respiration processes.

Toxic combustion products of tobacco can pass into the milk of a nursing mother. In 1 liter of milk, the nicotine content of a smoking woman can reach 0,5 mg, while the lethal dose is 1 mg per 1 kg of a child's weight. Carbon monoxide, getting through the milk of a smoking mother into the body of a child, causes oxygen starvation of the tissues of a growing organism.

Authors: Alekseev V.S., Zhidkova O.I., Tkachenko N.V.

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