Soil, its pollution and consequences. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Soil, its pollution and consequences. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Disruption of the upper layers of the earth's crust occurs during: extraction of minerals and their enrichment; disposal of domestic and industrial waste; conducting military exercises and tests, etc.

The soil cover is significantly polluted by precipitation in the zones of dispersion of various emissions in the atmosphere, arable land - when fertilizers are applied and pesticides are used.

Every year, a huge amount of rock mass is extracted from the bowels of the country, and about a third is involved in circulation, about 7% of the production is used in production. Most of the waste is not used and accumulates in dumps.

Significant land pollution as a result of sedimentation of toxic substances from the atmosphere. Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy enterprises pose the greatest danger. The zones of pollution by their emissions have radii of about 20-50 km, and the excess of the MPC reaches 100 times. The main pollutants include nickel, lead, benzpyrene, mercury, etc.

Emissions from incineration plants containing tetraethyl lead, mercury, dioxins, etc. are dangerous.

TPP emissions contain benzpyrene, vanadium compounds, radionuclides, acids and other toxic substances. Soil contamination zones near the pipe have radii of 5 km or more.

Arable lands are intensively polluted during the application of fertilizers and the use of pesticides. In recent years, many countries have sought to reduce the use of pesticides. However, in 1987 about 30% of foodstuffs in the Russian Federation contained a concentration of pesticides hazardous to human health.

Fertilization compensates for the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other substances by plants from the soil. However, along with fertilizers containing these substances, heavy metals and their compounds are introduced into the soil, which are contained in fertilizers as impurities. These include: cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, chromium, etc. The removal of these impurities from fertilizers is a laborious and expensive process. Of particular danger is the use of industrial wastewater sludge as a fertilizer, usually saturated with waste from galvanic and other industries.

Anthropogenic impact on the earth's crust is accompanied by: rejection of arable land or a decrease in their fertility; according to the UN, about 6 million hectares of fertile land are put out of action every year; excessive saturation with toxic substances of plants, which inevitably leads to contamination of food of plant and animal origin; currently, up to 70% of toxic exposure to humans comes from food products; violation of biocenoses due to the death of insects, birds, animals, some plant species; pollution of groundwater, especially in the area of landfills and wastewater discharges.

Author: Muradova E.O.

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